مراجعة سريعة: اللغة الإنجليزية

اختصار المنهج · قبل الامتحان

مراجعة سريعة: اللغة الإنجليزية

ملخص كل درس وأفكاره الرئيسية وأسئلته المهمة في صفحة واحدة. اطبعها واحفظها.

كتاب الطالب· Student's Book

الوحدة 1Unit 1 — The Science of Nutrition

الدرس 1: Opener + Reading: The Evolution of the Kuwaiti Diet

  • The traditional Kuwaiti diet was simple and healthy: fish, dates, rice, and vegetables, and it suited an active way of life.
  • After the discovery of oil, supermarkets and restaurants introduced convenient food that was high in fat, sugar, and salt.
  • Daily life became less active: cars replaced walking, and technology made people spend more time indoors.
  • Rates of obesity and diabetes rose, especially among teenage girls who do not routinely get enough exercise.
  • The Kuwait Flour Mills and Bakeries Company programme in schools improved students’ eating habits.
  • The style of the passage is expository, and its main idea is that modernisation and oil changed eating habits and lifestyle.

الزبدة: Kuwaiti nutrition moved from healthy simplicity to the challenges of fast food and inactive lifestyles. · Scientific evidence — research and studies — is what reveals the effect of this change on health. · The school today is a key partner in redirecting students’ eating habits.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
Describe the Kuwaiti diet in the past, and explain why food-related health problems were rare.
It was based on fresh fish, dates, rice, and a few vegetables, and it matched a physically active lifestyle of diving and sailing. That is why health problems related to food were rare and obesity was almost unknown.
What caused eating habits in Kuwait to change after the discovery of oil?
Supermarkets, restaurants, and fast-food chains introduced convenient options that were high in fat, sugar, and salt, and daily life became less physically active because of cars and technology.
Give a reason: rates of obesity and diabetes have risen among teenagers in Kuwait.
Because of the spread of fast food that is high in fat and sugar, and the lack of physical activity, especially as teenage girls do not routinely get enough exercise.
What is the role of the Kuwait Flour Mills and Bakeries Company programme in schools?
It teaches students about nutrition in engaging ways, which led them to improve their eating habits, develop more positive attitudes, eat more fruits and vegetables, and consume less fast food.
What is the main idea of the passage, and what is its writing style?
Main idea: modernisation and the oil industry have led to significant changes in eating habits and lifestyle. The writing style is expository.
Give two examples of forming the opposite of a word with a prefix, as in the book’s exercise.
healthy → unhealthy, and significant → insignificant (also convenient → inconvenient, balanced → unbalanced, known → unknown, active → inactive).

الدرس 2: Grammar: Present Simple & Adverbs of Frequency

  • The present simple is used for habits and routines, for permanent facts, and for scientific facts.
  • With I/You/We/They we use the base verb, and with He/She/It we add -s or -es.
  • In the negative we use don’t with I/You/We/They and doesn’t with He/She/It.
  • In questions: Wh-word + Do/Does + subject + base verb? or Do/Does + subject + base verb? for a Yes/No question.
  • Adverbs of frequency are ordered by percentage from Always (100%) to Never (0%).
  • The adverb of frequency comes before an ordinary verb, and directly after the verb to be.

الزبدة: The present simple describes what happens regularly or always, not only what is happening now. · The form of the verb changes only with He/She/It, by adding -s or -es. · The position of the adverb of frequency depends on the type of verb: ordinary verb or the verb to be.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
When do we use the present simple? Name the three cases as given in the book.
1. Habits, routines and repeated actions: I pray five times everyday. 2. Something that is always true: Ten times ten makes one hundred. 3. True facts: The sun rises from the east.
How do we form the present simple verb in the affirmative with the pronoun ‘He’?
We add -s or -es to the base verb, as in: She studies English every day.
How do we form a negative sentence in the present simple with ‘I’?
We use do not (don’t) + the base verb, as in: I don’t like coffee.
Order the adverbs of frequency from the highest percentage to the lowest, as given in the book.
Always (100%), Usually (80–90%), Often (50–70%), Sometimes (20–40%), Hardly ever (5–10%), Never (0%).
Where does the adverb of frequency come when the verb is the verb ‘to be’?
Directly after the verb to be, as in: I am never late for school.
Rewrite this sentence using the adverb in brackets: My water bottle is full to ensure I stay hydrated. (always)
My water bottle is always full to ensure I stay hydrated.

الدرس 3: Listening & Speaking: The Heritage Lunchbox / School Meal Systems

  • The listening conversation is between two mothers, Sara and Noor, about improving their children’s lunchboxes by combining Kuwaiti heritage with healthy choices.
  • The Post-Listening task asks you to design a ‘Heritage-Healthy Lunchbox’ by pairing a traditional Kuwaiti ingredient with a modern healthy element.
  • In the USA parents pack their children’s lunches themselves, which allows personal choice but requires complex organisation.
  • In Finland free, nutritious school meals have been given to all students since 1948 to ensure equity and improve learning.
  • In Japan (the Kyushoku system) students cook and serve the food to learn responsibility, and the government subsidises it to keep it affordable.
  • Phrases such as I think, In my opinion, I believe that are used to give an opinion in the oral discussion about school meals.

الزبدة: Combining food heritage with modern healthy choices is both possible and useful. · Every school meal system has advantages and disadvantages that follow the country’s philosophy (personal choice, free and fair, teaching responsibility). · Expressing an opinion orally needs clear functional phrases to state the position and justify it.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
Who are the two speakers in the audio conversation, and what do they talk about?
Sara and Noor, two mothers talking about their children’s lunchboxes and how to make them healthy while keeping the traditional Kuwaiti character.
Describe the school meal system in Finland.
Finland has provided free, hot, nutritious meals to all students since 1948, because it believes that providing food improves learning outcomes and ensures equity between students regardless of family income.
What makes the Kyushoku system in Japan special?
The students themselves cook and serve the meals in order to learn responsibility, and the government subsidises these meals so that they remain affordable.
Compare the meal system in the USA with the one in Finland.
In the USA parents pack the meals themselves, so it requires complex organisation but allows personal choice; in Finland the state provides free meals for everyone to ensure equity and improve learning.
Name a traditional Kuwaiti ingredient that can be used in a healthy lunchbox, and explain how it is combined.
An example from the book: chickpeas, eggs, or yoghurt, paired with a modern element such as whole-wheat bread, fresh berries, or chia seeds, to make a dish that joins heritage and health.
What are the useful phrases for giving an opinion in the oral discussion, as given in the book?
I think it’s incredible... / In my opinion... / I believe that...

الدرس 4: Writing: Smart Canteen Swaps

  • The required paragraph is no fewer than 8 sentences (about 90 words) explaining the benefits of healthy options in the canteen and suggesting alternatives.
  • The paragraph structure: an introductory sentence, two supporting ideas, and a concluding sentence that restates the introduction.
  • Linkers to add: furthermore, moreover. To show result: consequently, therefore. To conclude: ultimately, in summary.
  • The paragraph must use new vocabulary from the previous lessons and the linkers accurately.
  • Peer assessment checks the use of linkers, the vocabulary, the logic, and the clarity of the sentences.
  • The Exit Ticket asks you to give your partner one positive comment (a glow) and one suggestion for improvement (a grow).

الزبدة: A good paragraph is built on a clear structure: introduction, supporting ideas, conclusion. · Linkers make the ideas connected and clear for the reader. · Peer review is an important step for improving the writing before the final draft.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
What is the minimum number of sentences and words required for the paragraph in this lesson?
At least 8 sentences, which is about 90 words.
Name the parts of the paragraph structure as given in the book’s outline.
An introductory sentence stating the main idea, supporting idea 1 (the benefits of the healthy options), supporting idea 2 (suggesting traditional or modern healthy options), and a concluding sentence that restates the introduction.
Name two linkers used to add ideas, as given in the book.
furthermore, moreover.
Name two linkers used to show a result or a purpose, as given in the book.
consequently, therefore.
What does the Exit Ticket activity ask the student to do?
To give a classmate one positive comment (a glow) and one comment for improvement (a grow), using phrases such as: I liked... / I wish you would...
How does the lesson open, and what does it mean?
It opens with a verse from Surah Al-Baqarah (verse 172); its translation calls on believers to eat from the good things and to give thanks to Allah for them, which is linked to the idea of healthy food choices.

الدرس 5: Reading: Personalised Nutrition

  • General dietary advice (such as the food pyramid) may not suit everybody with the same effectiveness.
  • Every human being is chemically unique: genetics, the gut microbiome, and daily habits decide how the body processes food.
  • DNA and blood tests help scientists find out which foods suit each person.
  • Food that does not suit a person may cause inflammation that affects the mood and mental health (the field of nutritional psychiatry).
  • The aim of personalised nutrition is not only to prevent disease, but also to improve mental health.
  • The best diet is the one designed for a person’s own body and mind, not one single diet for everybody.

الزبدة: There is no single diet that suits everybody; the human body differs from person to person. · Modern science links what we eat with how we feel psychologically, not only with physical health. · Listening to the signals of your own body matters more than following a general rule.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
Why does the writer suggest that the food pyramid may no longer be the best guide for everyone?
Because science shows that such broad, general rules may not be as effective as we once thought, so nutrition is moving towards being personalised to suit each person’s unique biological needs.
Give two examples of factors that make us chemically unique.
Our genetics and our gut microbiome (the trillions of good bacteria in our digestive system), in addition to our daily habits.
Why does the writer advise us to listen to the unique signals our bodies send?
Because the best diet is not the one recommended for everybody but the one designed for a person’s own body and mind; listening to these signals helps us manage stress and think more clearly.
What is the relation between food and mental health as given in the text?
The field of nutritional psychiatry shows that our food choices are linked to how our brains function and how we feel; food that does not suit us may cause inflammation that changes the chemicals that regulate the mood.
How does the writer make the article sound scientific?
By using scientific terms (biological, chemically, genetics, the microbiome, DNA and blood tests) and by referring to research and studies, as in “Research suggests” and “scientists are helping”.
What is the difference between ‘malnutrition’ and ‘inflammation’ as they are used in the text?
Malnutrition is what the general dietary guidelines were created to prevent, while inflammation may result from eating food that does not suit a person’s body, and it affects the mood and mental health.

الدرس 6: Grammar: Present Continuous & Order of Adjectives

  • The present continuous describes an action happening now: Subject + am/is/are + verb-ing.
  • The negative form: Subject + am/is/are + not + verb-ing.
  • The subject decides the form of ‘be’: I = am, He/She/It = is, We/You/They = are.
  • The fixed order of adjectives in English: OSASCOMP = Opinion, Size, Age, Shape, Colour, Origin, Material, Purpose.
  • We do not need to use all the OSASCOMP categories in one sentence; we only order the ones we use.

الزبدة: The present continuous = verb + -ing after am/is/are, and it describes the present moment, not a habit. · The order of adjectives in English follows a fixed rule (OSASCOMP); it is not random.

الأسئلة المهمة (5)
What is the structure of an affirmative present continuous sentence?
Subject + am/is/are + verb-ing, as in: The dietitian is composing a customised meal plan.
What is the structure of a negative present continuous sentence?
Subject + am/is/are + not + verb-ing, as in: Adolescents are not spending enough time practicing sports.
Name the order of the eight types of adjectives according to the short form OSASCOMP.
Opinion, Size, Age, Shape, Colour, Origin, Material, Purpose.
In the phrase «interesting short modern books», what is the category of each adjective according to OSASCOMP?
interesting = Opinion, short = Size, modern = Age.
What are the two essential components that form the present continuous verb?
The verb ‘be’ (am/is/are) according to the subject, and the main verb with -ing added.

الدرس 7: Listening & Speaking: The Mediterranean Secret / Food Marketing

  • The Mediterranean lifestyle rests on three pillars: Diet, Socialising, and Physical Activity.
  • sustainable = able to be continued long term, decade = ten years, overlook = to fail to notice, legume = beans and lentils, stroll = to walk slowly.
  • Advertisements use psychological techniques to make unhealthy food look tempting: colours, associating the product with happiness, and the health trick with words such as wholesome.
  • Designing the short advertisement needs the roles to be assigned (a writer, a timekeeper, a speaker) and a fixed timing for each part.
  • hurdle = an obstacle, tempting = attractive, assign = to give a role, break down = to analyse piece by piece.

الزبدة: A healthy lifestyle is not food alone; it includes socialising and physical activity together. · Understanding the psychological marketing techniques helps us make more conscious food decisions.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
Name the three pillars of the Mediterranean lifestyle as given in the heading of the table.
Diet, Socialising, and Physical Activity.
What does the word ‘sustainable’ mean in the context of the lesson?
Able to be continued for a long time without harm.
Name the three marketing psychology techniques advertisers use to make food tempting.
Colour Psychology (red and yellow colours), Happiness Association (linking the product with happiness and friendship), and the Health Trick (words such as natural and wholesome on processed products).
What is the time structure of the ‘Sell the Unhealthy Item’ advertisement, and what is its total length?
60 seconds: an introduction (10 seconds), the product presentation (20 seconds), listing its tempting qualities (20 seconds), and a conclusion (10 seconds).
What does the phrasal verb ‘break down’ mean in the context of criticising an advertisement?
To analyse the advertisement piece by piece in order to understand its techniques and criticise them.
Why can the answers to the true/false questions in the listening part not be decided from the printed page alone?
Because they depend on the content of audio track 1.2 itself, which is listened to in class and does not appear as text on the page.

الدرس 8: Writing: Mindful Eating

  • Mindful eating = paying attention to how food tastes and how the body feels while eating, instead of eating without awareness.
  • The writer uses ‘Furthermore’ to add an idea and ‘Therefore’ to show a result in his blog.
  • The physical benefits of mindful eating: increased energy, no post-meal drowsiness, better sleep, improved digestion.
  • The academic benefits of mindful eating: better test performance, improved concentration, reduced stress.
  • Linkers are classified by their function: adding, contrast, result, and conclusion.
  • An expository essay explains an idea objectively with supporting examples; it does not persuade by emotion alone.

الزبدة: Mindful eating links physical health with mental and academic performance together. · Choosing the right linker (adding / contrast / result / conclusion) makes the writing clearer and more cohesive.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
Define the term ‘mindful eating’ as it is given in the blog post.
Paying attention to how food tastes and how your body feels while you eat, enjoying every bite and staying fully present.
Name two linkers the writer used in the blog and the function of each.
‘Furthermore’ to add an idea (he adds a new benefit), and ‘Therefore’ to show a result (he links the practice with its result, which is success).
Classify these benefits as physical or academic: increased energy, better test performance, improved digestion.
Increased energy and improved digestion are physical benefits, while better test performance is an academic benefit.
What is the writer’s purpose in writing this blog post?
To share his personal experience of mindful eating in order to convince the reader of its value in improving focus and reducing stress before exams.
Name two linkers used to show contrast in writing.
however and alternatively.
What are the two categories into which the book asks you to classify the benefits of mindful eating?
The physical category and the academic category.

الوحدة 2Unit 2 — Choices & Change

الدرس 1: Opener + Reading: The Shagaya Renewable Energy Park

  • Kuwait has historically relied on oil and natural gas, and this reliance has produced emissions that harm the environment.
  • The Shagaya Renewable Energy Park is located in a desert area west of Kuwait City and is managed by the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR).
  • The park includes two main technologies: wind turbines and solar panels.
  • Kuwait’s national goal: to produce 15% of its energy from renewable sources by the year 2030.
  • Renewable energy is sustainable because it does not run out as fossil fuels do.
  • Using clean energy reduces the need to burn oil, lowers the emissions, and leads to a healthier environment.
  • The project develops the expertise of engineers, researchers and students, raises environmental awareness, and makes Kuwait independent in producing its energy.

الزبدة: The move to renewable energy is a Kuwaiti step towards a cleaner environment and a sustainable future. · Using clean energy lowers harmful emissions and protects natural ecosystems. · The Shagaya park is not limited to producing energy; it builds national expertise and environmental awareness.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
What are the effects of using oil on the environment?
Oil produces harmful emissions that damage the environment, adding to air pollution and climate change.
What are the environmental aims of the Shagaya Renewable Energy Park?
To reduce pollution, prepare for the future, and help Kuwait produce 15% of its energy from renewable sources by 2030.
Why is education and developing expertise in renewable energy necessary?
It allows engineers, researchers, and students to study and improve renewable energy systems, which supports innovation, raises awareness, and makes Kuwait independent in its energy production.
Define the Shagaya project, and state its location and the body responsible for it.
It is a Kuwaiti national renewable energy project located in a desert area west of Kuwait City, and it is managed by the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR).
Name two renewable energy technologies mentioned in the text and explain how each one works.
Wind turbines use the power of flowing air to generate energy, and solar panels collect energy from the sun and convert it into electricity.
Explain the cause-and-effect relationship between using clean energy and lowering emissions.
Using clean energy reduces the need to burn oil, which lowers the harmful emissions released into the air, and leads to a healthier environment for people and for natural ecosystems.

الدرس 2: Grammar: Present Perfect Simple

  • The present perfect simple describes events that began in the past and are still connected to the present.
  • The form: has/have (not) + the past participle of the verb.
  • He/she/it take ‘has’, and I/you/we/they take ‘have’.
  • The common time expressions are: just, already, for, since, yet, lately, and each one has a different position and meaning.
  • ‘Since’ marks a point in time when something began, and ‘for’ marks a length of time.
  • ‘Yet’ is used only in questions and negative sentences.
  • Among the uses of the present perfect: continuing results, experiences, unfinished situations, recent events, and negative situations that have not happened yet.

الزبدة: The present perfect simple = has/have + the past participle, and it links a past event with its effect in the present. · Choosing the right time expression (since/for/just/already/yet/lately) depends on the meaning of the sentence. · The irregular verbs list is necessary in order to know the correct past participle.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
How do we form the present perfect simple?
Subject (he/she/it) + has (not) + past participle, or Subject (I/you/we/they) + have (not) + past participle.
When do we use ‘since’ and when do we use ‘for’?
We use ‘since’ to mark a point in time when something began (such as since 2000), and we use ‘for’ to mark a length of time (such as for many years).
Where is the word ‘yet’ used?
‘Yet’ is used only in questions and negative sentences, and it usually comes at the end of the sentence, as in: She has not done her work yet.
Correct the verb: Kuwait ______ (reduce) harmful emissions since it started using renewable energy.
has reduced
Name two uses of the present perfect simple with an example of each.
Past actions with results felt in the present (Kuwait has reduced its carbon emissions significantly), and experiences that happened at an unspecified time (Scientists have discovered new clean energy).
What is the difference in meaning between ‘just’ and ‘lately’?
‘Just’ means the action happened only a few moments ago, while ‘lately’ means it happened recently, over a general recent period.

الدرس 3: Listening & Speaking: Smart Homes / Powering a Greener GCC

  • Dr Khaled’s podcast explains that the real solution for a smart home is a combination of smart technology and daily behaviour, not technology alone.
  • Solar panels produce energy, smart lights turn off automatically in vacant rooms, smart meters track the electricity used, and smart thermostats control the temperature.
  • The Shagaya project in Kuwait uses three types of energy: solar panel energy, solar heat energy, and wind power.
  • The Sakaka plant in Saudi Arabia aims to produce 50% of the Kingdom’s energy from renewable sources, as part of Vision 2030.
  • Masdar City in Abu Dhabi is designed to produce zero emissions and to be a model for future cities without fossil fuels.
  • The Dhofar project in Oman is the first wind farm in the Arabian Gulf and supplies the national power grid with clean energy.

الزبدة: A truly smart home joins smart technology with responsible daily habits. · Each smart device (smart lights, solar panels, smart meters, smart thermostats) has a specific function for saving energy. · The Gulf countries (Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Oman) have leading renewable energy projects, each with its own aim and suitable location.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
What is the main idea of the podcast?
The steps to making eco-friendly choices.
According to Dr Khaled, what is the real solution to having a smart home?
A combination of smart technology and behaviour.
Match each device to its use: smart lights, solar panels, smart meters, smart thermostats.
Solar panels produce clean energy, smart lights turn off automatically in vacant rooms, smart meters track the electricity used in the home, and smart thermostats control the temperature and reduce unnecessary cooling or heating.
Why is the location of the Shagaya project in Kuwait considered ideal?
Because the desert location gets a great amount of sunlight, heat and wind throughout the year.
What is the aim of the Sakaka Solar Plant in Saudi Arabia?
To produce 50% of Saudi Arabia’s energy from renewable sources, as part of Saudi Vision 2030, enough to power almost 45,000 homes.
What makes the Dhofar project in Oman special?
It is the first wind farm in the Arabian Gulf, and it supplies the national power grid with clean electricity, which reduces the need for gas-powered stations.

الدرس 4: Writing: Power With Purpose

  • The warm-up task sorts the examples into Smart Technology (solar panels, wind turbines, smart meters) and Human Behaviour (turning off lights, using reusable bags, installing LED lights).
  • The model paragraph is made of a topic sentence, supporting ideas with specific examples, and a concluding sentence that usually begins with ‘Ultimately’.
  • The required paragraph structure: an introductory sentence, supporting idea 1 (responsible choices at home), supporting idea 2 (suggesting a smart technology), and a concluding sentence.
  • The required paragraph is no fewer than 8 sentences (about 90 words).
  • The language of giving suggestions: I suggest... / The best option would be to... / We should all consider... / A more sustainable suggestion is...
  • The Exit Ticket asks whether responsible actions can be applied at school, with a justification.

الزبدة: A good paragraph is built on a topic sentence, specific supporting ideas, and a concluding sentence that restates the introduction. · Telling smart technology apart from human behaviour helps to organise the ideas of writing about sustainability. · Suitable suggestion language makes recommendations more convincing and more professional.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
What is the minimum number of sentences and words required for the paragraph in this lesson?
At least 8 sentences, which is about 90 words.
Name the parts of the paragraph structure as given in the book’s outline.
An introductory sentence stating the main idea, supporting idea 1 explaining the responsible choices at home, supporting idea 2 suggesting a smart technology to install, and a concluding sentence that restates the introduction.
How does the concluding sentence of the model paragraph begin, and what is its function?
It begins with ‘Ultimately’, and its function is to restate the introductory sentence without copying it word for word.
Sort ‘solar panels’ and ‘turning off lights’ according to the book’s table.
Solar panels are Smart Technology, and turning off lights is Human Behaviour.
Name two expressions from the language of giving suggestions in this lesson.
Any two of: I suggest... / The best option would be to... / We should all consider... / A more sustainable suggestion is...
What is the Exit Ticket question in this lesson?
Do you think that responsible actions to protect the environment can be applied at school? Justify your answer.

الدرس 5: Reading: Think Before You Throw

  • Every product goes through a life cycle: extracting the raw materials, production, transport, sale, and then disposal.
  • Most used products end up in landfills and need hundreds of years to break down.
  • Thrifting means buying used items instead of new ones, which directly reduces the need for new production.
  • Upcycling means changing an old item into something completely new and different, not just reusing it as it is.
  • Examples of upcycling: turning an old blanket into a jacket, and turning an old tablet into an e-reader.
  • Second-hand markets have grown in Kuwait and the Gulf countries, such as Kuwait’s Friday Market.
  • The main idea: every simple action adds up when millions of people keep to it.

الزبدة: Understanding a product’s life cycle (extraction, production, transport, sale, disposal) is the first step towards more sustainable consumption decisions. · Thrifting and upcycling are two ways of reducing waste, but they are different: the first reuses the item as it is, and the second changes it into something new. · Real environmental change starts with small individual actions repeated on a wide scale.

الأسئلة المهمة (7)
Define ‘upcycling’ according to the text.
Changing an old item into something completely new and often more beautiful, instead of merely reusing it as it is.
What is the difference between thrifting and upcycling?
Thrifting is buying used items instead of new ones, while upcycling is changing an old item into something completely different and more beautiful.
Name the stages of a product’s life cycle as given in the text.
Extraction, then Production, then Transport, then Sale, and finally Disposal.
Give two examples of upcycling mentioned in the text.
Turning an old blanket into a thick jacket, and reusing an old tablet as an e-reader.
Give a reason: buying a second-hand item reduces environmental damage.
Because it directly reduces the need for new production, and therefore reduces the use of raw materials and factory emissions.
What is the main idea of the text according to the multiple-choice task?
Understanding how we use products (their life cycle) helps us protect the environment.
Where do most products end up after they are used, according to the text?
In landfills, where they may take hundreds of years to break down.

الدرس 6: Grammar: First Conditional & Modals

  • We use the first conditional to talk about the expected result of an imagined future situation.
  • The general form: If + present simple, + modal verb + base verb.
  • will = a certain outcome.
  • can = ability and possibility.
  • may = probability and uncertainty.
  • should = advice.
  • We do not use ‘will’ after ‘If’ in the if-clause; we use the present simple.

الزبدة: Choosing the right modal verb (will/can/may/should) completely changes the meaning of the conditional sentence. · After ‘If’ we always use the present simple, whatever the tense of the result clause. · The first conditional links a possible future cause with its logical result.

الأسئلة المهمة (7)
When do we use the first conditional?
To talk about the expected result of an imagined future situation.
What is the general form of the first conditional?
If + present simple, + modal verb + base verb.
Which modal verb do we use to express a certain outcome?
will
Which modal verb do we use to give advice?
should
What is the difference between using ‘can’ and ‘may’ in a conditional sentence?
‘Can’ expresses ability and possibility, while ‘may’ expresses probability and uncertainty.
Complete: «If we recycle our plastic bottles, we ___ certainly reduce waste.»
will
Correct the mistake: «If it will rain, we will stay home.»
If it rains, we will stay home. (‘will’ is never used after ‘If’)

الدرس 7: Listening & Speaking: Rethinking Waste / Throw-away Culture

  • The audio documentary presents several waste management systems around the world in an informative style, and its suitable alternative title is: Managing Waste All Over the World.
  • Comparing language: Compared to landfills, ... / Unlike incineration, this method... / Of all the methods, this one...
  • The life cycle of a product covers the starting material and the common problem it causes, as in the examples of the t-shirt, the mobile phone and the paper cup.
  • The one-minute documentary is built from: an opening hook, an explanation of the process, a problem, a solution, and final advice.
  • The language of explaining steps: It all begins when... / This is followed by... / Once this is done, ... / Without this step, ...
  • The new vocabulary covers waste management terms (bury, incineration, decompose, composting, densely) and product life cycle terms (brand-new, outlive, seldom, manufacture, strict).

الزبدة: Every country has its own waste management system, and comparing them needs precise comparing language. · Every product has a life cycle that begins with a raw material and ends with an environmental problem if it is not managed responsibly. · A good documentary begins with an attractive hook, explains the process clearly, and ends with a solution and a piece of advice.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
What is the purpose of the documentary narrator, as given in the book?
To inform the listeners of the various ways waste is managed.
Name two expressions from the comparing language in this lesson.
Any two of: Compared to landfills, ... / Unlike incineration, this method... / Of all the methods, this one...
What is the common problem connected with a mobile phone according to the book’s table?
Electronic waste outlives humans.
Name the parts of the one-minute documentary required in the production task.
An opening hook, the process, a problem, a solution, and final advice.
Name two expressions from the language of explaining steps in this lesson.
Any two of: It all begins when... / This is followed by... / Once this is done, ... / Without this step, ...
What is the common problem connected with a cotton t-shirt according to the book’s table?
It takes a long time to break down in landfills.

الدرس 8: Writing: Habits for a Better World + Group Project 1

  • The five eco-friendly habits are: Conserving Energy, Upcycling, Responsible Shopping, Thrifting and Recycling, and each one has its own specific example.
  • The linkers of Omar’s paragraph: ‘On the other hand’ for a second side, ‘However’ for contrast, ‘For example’ for an instance, ‘In addition to’ for adding an action, and ‘As a result’ for the outcome.
  • The graphic organiser is arranged in two columns, Inside the Home and Outside the Home, to gather the ideas of the expository essay.
  • The six steps of the group project: Roles, Strategic Research, Product Planning, Development, Rehearsal, Presentation.
  • After the presentation: self-reflection, peer-reflection, and naming a skill for future growth.
  • The four presentation assessment criteria: Voice & Fluency, Content & Organisation, Language Use, and Body Language.

الزبدة: Every eco-friendly habit (conserving energy, upcycling, responsible shopping, thrifting, recycling) has a clear practical example that is different from the others. · The right linking words tie the motive, the difficulty, the solution and the result together in one story. · A successful group project depends on a clear division of roles, on rehearsal, and on review before the final presentation.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
Match the habit ‘Upcycling’ with its correct detailed example.
Turning old glass jars into beautiful vases.
What is the job of the linker ‘However’ in Omar’s paragraph?
It shows an unexpected contrast: the task was more difficult than he expected, in spite of his excitement.
What is the job of the linker ‘As a result’ in Omar’s paragraph?
It states the final outcome of the events: the car ran more smoothly after it was fixed.
How is the graphic organiser in this lesson arranged?
In two columns: Inside the Home (such as daily energy-saving habits) and Outside the Home (such as shopping habits).
Name the six steps of the group project in order.
Roles, Strategic Research, Product Planning, Development, Rehearsal, and Presentation.
Name the four assessment criteria for the group project presentation.
Voice & Fluency, Content & Organisation, Language Use, and Body Language.

الوحدة 3Unit 3 — Exploring Heritage

الدرس 1: Reading: Cultural Ambassadors

  • Mohammad Al Sharekh was a Kuwaiti businessman (1942–2024) who introduced the Arabic language to computers and founded Sakhr Company in 1982.
  • Al Sharekh's achievements include Arabic keyboards, automatic translation, a free online dictionary and a digital collection of Arabic literature.
  • Hamza Al Khayat was a Kuwaiti language expert who devoted more than 40 years to improving the teaching of Arabic and directed the Linguistic Creativity Centre.
  • Al Khayat's works include his spelling encyclopaedia for primary school students and the book Learn the Hamza with Hamza.
  • A fact (Fact) is information that can be proved from the text, and an opinion (Opinion) is a personal judgement or evaluation.
  • The best title for Al Sharekh's profile is A Leader in Arabic Computing because it expresses the main idea of the text.

الزبدة: A cultural ambassador is a person who serves his language or culture with work whose effect lives on after him, as Al Sharekh and Al Khayat did. · Telling a fact from an opinion is a basic skill in critical reading. · Technology and education are both tools for protecting the Arabic language and spreading it, when they are used creatively.

الأسئلة المهمة (7)
When was Mohammad Al Sharekh born, and which company did he found?
He was born in 1942, and he founded Sakhr Company in 1982.
Name three of Mohammad Al Sharekh's achievements in Arabic computing.
Arabic keyboards, automatic translation programmes, and a free online Arabic dictionary (you may also add: a digital collection of Arabic literature, or more than ninety educational and cultural programmes).
What was Hamza Al Khayat's most important achievement in teaching spelling?
His spelling encyclopaedia for primary school students, which used fun activities and exercises to improve students' spelling, reading and writing skills.
Choose the best title for the main idea of Al Sharekh's profile from the four options, and justify your choice.
c) A Leader in Arabic Computing, because it is the widest description of his achievements in the field of Arabic computing.
Fact or opinion? 'Mohammad Al Sharekh's work was very important for the Arabic language.'
Opinion, because it carries a personal judgement in the words 'very important' and is not information that can be proved with a number or a date.
Why are both figures (Al Sharekh and Al Khayat) considered cultural ambassadors?
Because each of them used his own field (technology or education) to serve the Arabic language, to spread it and to protect it as part of our cultural identity.
What does Hamza Al Khayat's distribution of thousands of free copies of his books show about his values?
It shows his sincerity and his real wish to help as many students as possible to learn Arabic, rather than to make money.

الدرس 2: Grammar: Non-Defining Relative Clauses

  • A non-defining relative clause adds extra information that is not necessary to understand the basic sentence.
  • who for people, which for things, whose for possession, where for places, when for time.
  • You must always put a comma before the relative clause and a comma immediately after it.
  • 'That' may never be used in a non-defining relative clause.
  • These clauses are used to add details, give additional description, or provide background information in writing and speaking.
  • The general form: Noun + , + relative pronoun + subject + verb + , + rest of sentence.

الزبدة: If you remove the non-defining relative clause, the basic sentence is still complete in meaning. · Choosing the right relative pronoun depends on the type of noun it describes: a person, a thing, a possession, a place or a time. · The commas and the ban on 'that' are the two rules students get wrong most often.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
Define the non-defining relative clause.
It is a clause that adds extra information about a noun already mentioned; this information is not necessary to understand the main sentence, and if it is removed the sentence is still complete.
Name the five relative pronouns and say what each one describes.
who for people, which for things (and places, according to the Grammar File), whose for possession, where for places, and when for time.
Give a reason: why do we not use 'that' in a non-defining relative clause?
Because the book's rule is clear: 'My friend, who lives near me, is funny' is correct, while 'My friend, that lives near me, is funny' is wrong; 'that' is never used in non-defining relative clauses.
What is the obligatory rule about punctuation in this kind of clause?
You must put a comma before the relative clause and another comma immediately after it; without the commas the sentence is grammatically wrong.
Fill in the gap with the suitable relative pronoun: Many artists, ______ are inspired by nature and culture, use Arabic letters.
who (because it describes people: the artists).
What is the purpose of using non-defining relative clauses, according to the Grammar File?
To add extra details, to give additional description, and to provide background information.

كتاب الطالب· Student's Book

الوحدة 1Unit 1 — Festivals and occasions

الدرس 1: Reading: Hala February Festival & Qurain Cultural Festival

  • The Hala February Festival is an annual Kuwaiti festival that was launched in 1999 and takes place in spring.
  • It coincides with National Day on 25th February and Liberation Day on 26th February, so it is a patriotic celebration.
  • It offers culture, entertainment, shopping, carnivals, raffles and contests, and shops give huge discounts, so it is an important economic event.
  • The Qurain Cultural Festival is held annually from late November to early December and is organised by the NCCAL.
  • It offers a multitude of concerts, exhibitions and film screenings, and participation in all activities is free of charge.
  • It honours leading contributors to Kuwaiti culture with 'Appreciation', 'Encouragement' and 'Personality of the Year' awards.

الزبدة: Hala February is mainly a patriotic and popular festival, while Qurain is mainly a cultural and artistic one. · A festival can serve a country in three ways at the same time: national feeling, culture and the economy. · Skimming is the reading skill you use to find dates, names and facts quickly in a long article.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
When does each of the two festivals take place?
The Hala February Festival takes place during the spring season and coincides with National Day on 25th February and Liberation Day on 26th February. The Qurain Cultural Festival is held annually from late November to early December.
Why is the Hala February Festival described as a patriotic celebration?
Because it coincides with National Day on 25th February and Liberation Day on 26th February, and because in just a decade it has become a national and touristic phenomenon that inspires a sense of patriotism for Kuwaitis and for the citizens of Kuwait's sister countries.
How does the Qurain Cultural Festival reward and honour artists?
Every year certain personalities are awarded 'Appreciation' and 'Encouragement' awards for their work in disciplines such as engraving, short story writing, translation and TV direction, and there is also a 'Personality of the Year' award.
What does each festival have to offer its visitors?
Hala February offers a wondrous mix of culture, entertainment, shopping, carnivals, raffles and contests, and many shops offer huge discounts. Qurain offers a multitude of concerts, exhibitions, film screenings and other artistic events, supported by engaging activities and seminars, and participation is free of charge.
Explain how the surrounding desert changes during the Hala February Festival.
It is transformed from scorched sands to a green canopy of blossoming and vibrant flora, and migratory birds and animals arrive, which adds extra colour to the charm of the festival.
Who organises the Qurain Cultural Festival, and for how long has it been running?
It is organised by the NCCAL, the National Council for Culture, Arts and Letters, and it has been running for more than 15 years.

الدرس 2: Grammar: Modal verbs; Intensifiers

  • can / can't / could / couldn't + base form of the verb express ability in the present and the past.
  • be able to + base form is used to make other tenses, such as the present perfect and the will future.
  • could is used for general ability in the past, but managed to or be able to must be used for one particular occasion.
  • couldn't is normally used for negative sentences, even about one occasion.
  • An intensifier is an adverb that modifies an adjective or another adverb, and it comes before the word it modifies.
  • The intensifiers of this unit are quite, really, very, a little, pretty, brand, fairly, extremely and absolutely.

الزبدة: The question is always: is this a general ability, or one particular occasion? The answer decides between could and managed to / was able to. · The negative couldn't is free: it works for general ability and for one occasion. · An intensifier makes an adjective or adverb stronger or weaker, and its place is directly before that word.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
What is the difference between 'could' and 'managed to' when we talk about the past?
We use 'could' for a general ability in the past, for example: I could swim when I was four years old. We use 'managed to' (or 'was/were able to') for a particular occasion in the past, especially for something difficult that we achieved: The door was locked, but we managed to get out by breaking a window.
Why do we need 'be able to' if we already have 'can'?
Because 'be able to' lets us make other tenses and talk about other times. The book gives: I haven't been able to walk since I broke my leg (present perfect), and I hope I'll be able to see better when I get my new glasses (will future).
Which of the sentences in exercise 1 show a general ability, and which show ability on one occasion?
General ability: (a) I can't drive, and (d) We couldn't speak the language very well. Ability on one occasion: (b) I couldn't even see the people standing around me, (c) We couldn't afford to fly home, (e) the train was able to start, and (f) he managed to start the engine.
What other verb could replace 'managed to' in the sentence: Fortunately, he managed to start the engine?
It can be replaced by 'was able to': Fortunately, he was able to start the engine. It cannot be replaced by 'could', because the sentence talks about one particular occasion.
Define an intensifier and say where it goes in the sentence.
An intensifier is an adverb which is used to modify adjectives and adverbs, but which is not usually used to modify verbs, such as quite, really, very, a little, pretty, brand, fairly, extremely and absolutely. Intensifiers come before the words they modify, for example: The film was quite good.
Why is 'could' correct in 'I could hear the sound of bagpipes', although it is one occasion?
Because 'hear' is a verb of the senses. With verbs such as see, hear, feel, smell and taste we normally use could even when we talk about one occasion.

الدرس 3: Vocabulary & Pronunciation: Phrasal verbs with go; Parts of speech; Elision

  • A phrasal verb combines a verb with a preposition, and its meaning is often different from the verb on its own.
  • go out = stop burning; go on = continue; go off = start ringing suddenly; go away = leave for another place; go up = increase; go without = manage without something.
  • The parts-of-speech table shows the noun, verb, adjective and adverb forms of the same word family.
  • Some word families have no adverb (celebration, crowd) and some have no verb (festivity, joy, extravagance).
  • Elision means that when people speak quickly they join words together and a sound disappears.
  • The sounds that usually disappear are /t/ and /d/, as in wanted to, couldn't afford, next station and danced down.

الزبدة: Learn a phrasal verb as one whole item, because 'go' plus a preposition makes a completely new meaning. · Word families let you change one word into four parts of speech, which is what the exam table tests. · Elision is a normal feature of fast, natural English, not a mistake.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
What is a phrasal verb, and give three examples with 'go' from the lesson.
A phrasal verb combines a verb with a preposition, and the whole phrase has a new meaning. Examples: the lights went out (stopped shining), this went on for ten minutes (continued), and the price of bread has gone up (increased).
What is the difference in meaning between 'go off' and 'go out'?
'go off' means to start ringing or making a loud noise suddenly, as in: When the fire bell went off, the students had to leave the classroom. 'go out' means to stop shining or burning, as in: The lights went out and everything was completely black.
Complete the word family: celebration, ......, ......, and say which form does not exist.
The verb is 'celebrate' and the adjective is 'celebratory'. The book marks the adverb with three dots, which means this word family has no adverb in normal use.
Give the noun and the adjective that belong with the adverb 'festively'.
The noun is 'festivity' and the adjective is 'festive'; this word family has no verb, which is why the book puts three dots in the verb column.
What is elision? Explain it with one example from the book.
Elision is what happens when people speak quickly: they join words together and sometimes two sounds become one, so a letter is not heard. For example, in 'We wanted to go to Scotland' the -ed of 'wanted' disappears and the two words sound like one: 'wanto'.
Why do prices go up or go down? (Exercise 1b, book)
Prices go up when a product becomes rare or when many people want it, and they go down when there is a large amount of it or when shops offer discounts, as happens during the Hala February Festival.

الدرس 4: Listening & Speaking: Describing festivals

  • The recording (1.2) has three speakers, each describing an interesting festival they have experienced.
  • Key words: intricate = very complicated or detailed; festivity = celebrating in a bubbly and exuberant way; commemorate = to mark a special occasion.
  • buzzing = an atmosphere of excitement; Tibetan = from Tibet; fantastic = imaginative or extraordinary; carnival = a yearly period of public celebration.
  • In a True/False task you must also justify: write the evidence if it is true, or the correct information if it is false.
  • National Day in Kuwait is on 25th February and Liberation Day is on 26th February.
  • Festivals benefit society by spreading joy, building patriotism, helping the economy and nurturing culture.

الزبدة: Learning the key words before you listen is the fastest way to understand a recording. · A True/False answer without a justification is an incomplete answer. · Modern festivals are organised and advertised events, while traditional celebrations grow out of religion, the seasons and family life.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
What does 'commemorate' mean, and what does 'buzzing' mean?
'commemorate' means to mark or celebrate a special occasion, and 'buzzing' means an atmosphere of excitement.
What is a carnival, according to the meanings in exercise 1?
A carnival is a period of public celebration that takes place at a regular time each year.
Why is the statement 'National Day is celebrated annually on the 26th of February' false?
Because National Day is on 25th February, and 26th February is Liberation Day. The reading text of this unit states that the Hala February Festival coincides with National Day on 25th February and Liberation Day on 26th February.
What does the instruction 'Justify your answers' ask you to do?
It asks you to write the reason for your answer on the line under the statement: the words that prove it if it is true, or the correct information if it is false. Ticking the box alone is not enough.
What festivals do people celebrate in Kuwait, and what happens at them?
People celebrate the Hala February Festival, National Day on 25th February, Liberation Day on 26th February, and the Qurain Cultural Festival. At Hala February there are cultural celebrations, carnivals, raffles, contests and big shop discounts; at Qurain there are concerts, exhibitions, film screenings, seminars and awards for artists.
How can festivals benefit society?
They spread joy, happiness and delight; they inspire a sense of patriotism; they help the economy through shopping and tourism; and they nurture culture by honouring artists and giving young writers and composers a platform.

الدرس 5: Speaking & Writing: Discussing religious occasions

  • In exercise 1 you listen to a description of the Hajj (recording 1.3) and list the phrases that describe the speaker's personal experience.
  • Personal-experience phrases usually begin with 'I' and contain a feeling, a memory or a comparison.
  • The Hajj is important because it is one of the pillars of Islam and it gathers Muslims from all over the world in equality.
  • 'A sea of white cloth' is a metaphor for the huge crowd of pilgrims in their white ihram clothing.
  • In the writing task you invent a festival for your area and write a report about the preparation, the event and the period after it.
  • The 'Weaving Festival' timetable runs from booking the venue on 23 January to cleaning up on 27 March, with the festival itself on 23–26 March.

الزبدة: A description of a personal experience is built on feelings and images, not only on facts. · 'A sea of white cloth' shows how one short image can carry colour, size and movement together. · A good report follows time order: before the event, during the event, and after the event.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
Why is the Hajj important?
Because it is one of the five pillars of Islam and a duty on every Muslim who is able to perform it, once in a lifetime. It also gathers Muslims from every country in one place, in the same simple clothes, so it teaches equality, patience and brotherhood.
What does the speaker describe as 'a sea of white cloth', and why is it a good description?
He is describing the enormous crowd of pilgrims, who all wear the simple white clothing of ihram, so from a distance they look like a wide white sea. It is a good description because three words give you the colour, the huge size and the movement of the crowd at the same time.
What kind of phrases should you write in your list in exercise 1?
Phrases that describe the speaker's own personal experience, not facts about the Hajj: expressions such as 'I felt…', 'I had never seen…', 'I will never forget…', 'It was the most … I have ever…', written exactly as the speaker says them.
What must you include in the pair conversation in exercise 3?
One student has just returned from the Hajj and the other is preparing for his journey next year; you share your preparations and experiences, and the book says you must make sure to include some personal descriptions.
What are the three parts of the report you write in exercise 4?
The preparation, the event itself, and the period after the festival. The 'Weaving Festival' timetable shows the same three parts: the jobs from 23 January to 21 March, the festival on 23–26 March, and the clearing up on 27 March.
Give the meaning of 'embark' and 'unison' from the words to remember.
'embark' means to begin a journey or to start something new, as in 'embark on a journey'. 'unison' means together and at the same time, as in 'the pilgrims answered in unison'.

الوحدة 2Unit 2 — Family celebrations

الدرس 1: Listening: A recent family celebration

  • Unit 2 is about family celebrations, and its grammar is the simple past and past perfect with once, when, before, after and by the time, plus compound nouns.
  • In the recording (2.1) three people talk about a recent family celebration; first you find the occasion and the speaker, then the details.
  • Questions a, b, d, e and g ask for information from the recording, while c and f ask for your own opinion with a reason.
  • A milestone is an important event that marks a stage in a person's life, such as a graduation or a wedding.
  • The four verbs of the vocabulary exercise are: host a celebration, swap places, make a speech, sign a card.
  • When you describe a family celebration, use the book's four points: the place, the people, food and drink, and people's clothes.

الزبدة: In a listening task, get the general picture first (the occasion and the speaker), then listen again for the details. · Verbs are learned with the words they go with: host a party, swap places, make a speech, sign a card. · Family meetings keep a family close-knit, and the book's quote calls family happiness the greatest happiness of a life.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
What grammar will you study in Unit 2?
The simple past and the past perfect with once, when, before, after and by the time, and compound nouns.
What are you going to hear in recording (2.1), and what are the two general questions about it?
You are going to hear three people talking about a recent family celebration. The two general questions are: what occasions are the three speakers describing, and who do you think the three speakers are?
What is a 'milestone', and give an example.
A milestone is an important event that marks a stage in a person's life. Examples: a graduation, a first job, a wedding, or the birth of a child.
Complete and explain: We decided to ...... a special celebration for our brother.
We decided to host a special celebration for our brother. 'Host' means to be the person who invites the guests and organises the event, and after 'to' we keep the base form of the verb.
Why is it important for the members of families to meet on important occasions?
Because meeting keeps the family close-knit and lets children know their relatives; it makes older members feel that they are not forgotten; and it is the time when the family shares news, solves problems and remembers those who are far away.
Which four points does the book ask you to think about when you describe a family celebration?
The place, the people, food and drink, and people's clothes.

الدرس 2: Grammar: Simple past and past perfect

  • The past perfect is formed with had + the past participle, and 'had' does not change with the subject.
  • It refers to the first of two actions in the past, or to a situation, state or feeling in the past.
  • In the text, the simple past moves the story forward and the past perfect goes one step further back.
  • The linking words are once, when, before, after, by the time, and as soon as.
  • After No sooner and Hardly at the beginning of a sentence, 'had' comes before the subject: No sooner had Ahmed woken up than…
  • No sooner is followed by 'than', and Hardly is followed by 'when'.

الزبدة: Whatever the word order, the past perfect action is always the earlier one. · Signal words tell you the tense: already and never…before take the past perfect, while so and but introduce the later result in the simple past. · In a list, 'had' is written once and the other verbs continue in the past participle.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
How do we form the past perfect, and give one statement, one question and one negative example from the book.
We use had + the past participle. Statement: We had had our dinner by the time they arrived. Question: Where had they lived before they moved here? Negative: They were hungry because they hadn't eaten for several days.
What are the two uses of the past perfect according to the Grammar File?
First, the first of two actions in the past: Before they bought other food, they had sold their products. Second, a situation, state, feeling or action in the past: They found the house strange after they had lived in a tent.
In the sentence 'By the time we finished the meal, Grandma had begun to tell us about her experience', which action came first?
Grandma beginning to tell them about her experience came first, because it is in the past perfect (had begun); finishing the meal is in the simple past and came second.
Complete and explain: The next morning, the streets ...... (be) dusty because there ...... (be) a sandstorm.
The next morning, the streets were dusty because there had been a sandstorm. The sandstorm happened before the morning, so it takes the past perfect, and the state of the streets is the later situation in the simple past.
What happens to the word order after 'No sooner' and 'Hardly' at the beginning of a sentence?
The auxiliary 'had' comes before the subject: No sooner had Ahmed woken up than…, and Hardly had Hamad arrived at school when… 'No sooner' is followed by 'than' and 'Hardly' by 'when'.
Write a sentence listing three things you had done by the time you went to bed yesterday.
By the time I went to bed yesterday, I had been to school, done my homework and watched TV. 'Had' is written once, and the following verbs continue in the past participle.

الدرس 3: Vocabulary & Pronunciation: Derivatives and compound nouns; Same word – different pronunciation

  • Compounding makes a new word by joining two independent words: grand + mother = grandmother.
  • The compounds on this page are lunchtime, birthday, teapot, grandfather, fireworks, necklace and freelance.
  • A suffix is a dependent unit added at the end of a word: -ion, -or, -ant, -al.
  • Verbs ending in silent -e drop it before the suffix: celebrate → celebration, arrive → arrival.
  • One English word can have two meanings, and only the sentence tells you which one fits.
  • Some words have two pronunciations: close, wind, lives and desert change with their meaning and word class.
  • The Words to remember of this page are breathing space, clan, desert, interior, well-deserved and wind up.

الزبدة: English builds new words in two main ways on this page: joining two words together, and adding a suffix to the end of one word. · Meaning is decided by context: the words around a word tell you which of its meanings is being used. · When a word changes its word class (verb or noun), its pronunciation may change too.

الأسئلة المهمة (7)
What is compounding, and give the book's own example.
Compounding is combining two independent words to make a new term. The book's example is grandmother (grand + mother).
Make compound nouns from: birth, tea, fire, neck, free.
birthday, teapot, fireworks, necklace, freelance.
What is a suffix? Add the right suffix to arrive, invite and visit.
A suffix is a dependent unit added at the end of a word, e.g. -ion in attention. arrive → arrival, invite → invitation, visit → visitor.
In 'The head of the clan has five sons', which meaning of 'head' is used, and why?
Meaning 2: leader, most important person. A clan is a group of people, and a group has a leader, not a body part.
How is 'close' pronounced differently in 'I live close to the city centre' and 'Please close the door'?
In the first sentence it is an adjective meaning 'near' and ends with an /s/ sound. In the second it is a verb meaning 'shut' and ends with a /z/ sound.
Explain the difference in pronunciation between 'wind' in sentence 1 and 'wind' in sentence 4.
In 'they wind up the clock' it is a verb and rhymes with 'find'. In 'a strong wind last night' it is a noun (moving air) with a short i sound.
Give the six Words to remember on this page.
breathing space, clan, desert, interior, well-deserved, wind up.

الدرس 4: Writing: An informal invitation

  • The task is to write an informal invitation to a family occasion, in 170–200 words.
  • The page works in three stages: Read and analyse, Planning and writing, and Check.
  • Amal's e-mail is the model: it begins 'Dear Noura,' and ends 'Love, Amal'.
  • Its paragraphs are: the invitation and the reason, what will happen, the time to arrive, the place and directions, and the request for a reply.
  • The celebration is next Thursday at Amal's house for her sister Khaleda's return from France.
  • Useful Language for inviting: I'm writing to invite you to …, We hope you can be here with us, We look forward to seeing you.
  • Useful Language for polite requests: Please try to arrive by …, Please let me know if you can come.
  • When you check, make sure your reader can find the occasion, the date and time, and the place.

الزبدة: An informal invitation must answer three questions for the reader: what the occasion is, when it is, and where it is. · Copy the shape of the model, not its content: the same greeting, the same paragraph order and the same ending, but your own occasion. · Politeness in English invitations comes from 'Please' plus a soft verb, and from questions instead of orders.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
When and where is the celebration in Amal's e-mail?
It is next Thursday at Amal's house, and she asks the guests to try to arrive by 7 o'clock.
Why is Amal having a celebration?
For her sister Khaleda: it is the end of her university course in France and she is finally coming home for good, after a year in which the family has not seen her.
What will the celebration include?
A big feast prepared by Mum with Amal's help, a poem which Amal has composed especially for the event and will read, and a film shown by Dad on a video projector that captures important moments of Khaleda's life since the day she was born.
How does Amal start and end her e-mail, and why must you do the same?
She starts with 'Dear Noura,' and ends with 'Love, Amal'. Exercise 2b says: Start and end your e-mail in the same way as Amal did, because these are the fixed forms of an informal invitation.
Give two expressions from the Useful Language box for making polite requests.
Please try to arrive by … and Please let me know if you can come.
What three things must your partner be able to find in your e-mail, according to exercise 3b?
The occasion you are being invited to, the date and time of the occasion, and the place you have to get to.

الدرس 5: Speaking: Giving a 'factual' talk

  • A factual talk is built from true information, put in a clear order and spoken to an audience.
  • In exercise 1 you listen to a short talk about the Australian Aborigines and tick the topics it includes.
  • The six possible topics are: history, music, traditional lifestyle, appearance, situation today, and treatment by the Europeans.
  • In exercise 2 you choose your own group — the Aborigines, nomads, university students, fishermen, or another.
  • The five preparation questions are: where they live, how they live now, where they came from originally, their traditional way of life, and how it is changing.
  • Write your facts as short sentences that are easy to read or speak.
  • Sequence the talk with Their story begins …, Next, let's look at …, And what about today?, Finally, I'd like to end with …
  • In exercise 3 you speak in small groups, without interruption, and questions come after the talk.

الزبدة: Preparation, not talent, makes a good factual talk: five questions answered in short sentences become a complete talk. · Sequencing phrases are signposts that turn a list of facts into a talk the audience can follow. · A good listener in this lesson has a job too: to listen without interrupting and to ask a question at the end.

الأسئلة المهمة (7)
What is a 'factual' talk, and what are the three stages of this page?
It is a short talk built from true information rather than opinions or invented stories. The three stages are Listen (exercise 1), Prepare for speaking (exercise 2) and Speak (exercise 3).
List the six topics offered in exercise 1.
The Aborigines' history, their music, their traditional lifestyle, their appearance, their situation today, and their treatment by the Europeans.
Which groups does the book suggest you can talk about?
A group like the Aborigines, or another kind of group like nomads, university students, fishermen, etc. — any group you know about or are interested in.
What are the five questions you should think about when you make your notes?
Where does the group live? How does the group live now? Where was the group from originally? What was their traditional way of life? How is their way of life changing?
Give four phrases from the Useful Language box for sequencing information.
Their story begins …, Next, let's look at …, And what about today?, Finally, I'd like to end with …
What are the rules for the other students while someone is giving a talk?
They should not interrupt the talk, but they could ask the speaker questions after the talk is finished, and then discuss any interesting points from each talk.
Why does the book ask you to write your facts in short sentences?
Because part d says they must be sentences 'which you can read or speak easily'. A long written sentence is hard to say aloud and easy to lose in the middle.

الوحدة 3Unit 3 — Meeting places

الدرس 1: Reading: Coffee houses

  • Three hundred years ago people went to a coffee house for the news, exactly as they log on to the Internet today.
  • The European coffee houses of the early 1650s were mainly for businessmen, writers, politicians and scientists, and only men went to them.
  • Coffee was first grown in Ethiopia, where people chewed the beans, and then spread to Arab countries as a drink.
  • The first coffee house in London was opened in 1652 by Pasqua Rosee, who was from Smyrna in Turkey.
  • London coffee houses were calm, pleasant places, and anyone who started a quarrel had to buy coffee for everyone.
  • In western Europe coffee was drunk as a medicine at first, and then became a social drink.
  • In Kuwait, coffee is at the heart of hospitality, and the Diwaniya is the place of conversations, discussions and transactions.
  • A guest's cup is refilled until the guest tips the empty cup from side to side; the beans are ground with cardamom for a distinctive fragrance.

الزبدة: The article's main comparison is between the old coffee house and today's Internet: both are places to get news, and in both you can never be sure the information is accurate. · Coffee travelled: Ethiopia → the Arab countries → Turkey → London → the rest of western Europe, changing from food to medicine to a social drink. · In a True/False task you must justify every answer with the line from the text that proves it.

الأسئلة المهمة (7)
According to the article, where did business people go for news three hundred years ago, and what do they do today?
Three hundred years ago they went to a coffee house; today they log on to the Internet. In the coffee house, for the price of a cup of coffee, they could read newspapers, catch up on the latest news, listen to scientific lectures, do business or chat about the state of the world.
Who opened the first coffee house in London, when, and where was he from?
Pasqua Rosee opened it in 1652; he was from Smyrna, in Turkey.
Why did only men go to coffee houses in the early days?
Because people thought that coffee was bad for women's health.
How does the article compare coffee houses with today's websites?
Like today's websites, coffee houses were exciting places to be, but you could never be sure that the information you found there was accurate.
What happened to anyone who started a quarrel in a London coffee house?
He had to buy a cup of coffee for everyone in the coffee house, because these were calm places where people talked cordially to each other.
Describe the place of coffee in Kuwaiti hospitality as the article explains it.
Serving and drinking coffee have been at the heart of Kuwait's famous hospitality for centuries. The Diwaniya is a place where conversations, discussions and transactions are made over a cup of Kuwaiti coffee; a guest's cup is never empty, and the host keeps refilling it until the guest tips the empty cup from side to side. The beans are ground with cardamom seeds, which gives the coffee a distinctive fragrance.
Which facts in the Factfile are also mentioned in the article?
Three of them: that coffee began in Ethiopia (the article says it was first grown there and people chewed the beans), that it came to the Arab countries (the article says it spread there and became popular as a drink), and that the first coffee house opened in London in 1652 (the article names Pasqua Rosee). The facts about Istanbul, the Dutch, instant coffee, decaffeinated coffee, the espresso machine and the first big chain are not in the article.

الدرس 2: Grammar: Third Conditionals

  • The first conditional is If + present tense + will, for things that are possible and quite likely in the future.
  • The second conditional is If + past tense + would + base form, for things that are improbable or impossible.
  • The third conditional is If + past perfect + would + have + past participle.
  • We use the third conditional to talk about imagined past situations.
  • A third conditional sentence always means the opposite of what really happened.
  • 'If I had seen you, I would have talked to you' means 'I didn't talk to you because I didn't see you'.
  • 'would' never goes inside the if-clause, and after 'would have' you must use the past participle.

الزبدة: The three conditionals differ in time and in probability: likely future, unlikely or impossible future, and an impossible past. · The third conditional is a regret or an explanation: it tells you the real past by saying its opposite. · To write one, describe what really happened, then reverse both verbs into the pattern.

الأسئلة المهمة (7)
What is the form of the third conditional, and give the Grammar file's two examples.
If + past perfect + would + have + past participle. 'If there had been life on Mars, we would have found it.' 'If we had stopped space exploration in 1960, men wouldn't have walked on the Moon.'
What do we use third conditional sentences for?
To talk about imagined past situations — things that did not happen and cannot be changed now.
In 'If Mum hadn't baked a cake, I wouldn't have enjoyed my birthday', did Mum bake a cake, and did he enjoy his birthday?
Yes to both. The sentence is negative in form, so the truth is positive: she did bake a cake, and he did enjoy his birthday.
Which conditional is used in 'If I were in charge of the football stadium, I'd allow people to watch matches for free', and why?
The second conditional (If + past tense + would + base form). The speaker knows this is never going to happen, so it is an impossible situation, like 'If I were 10 years younger'.
How is the third conditional different from the first and the second?
The first and second conditionals are about the present and the future — what is likely, or unlikely, or impossible to happen. The third conditional is about the past: an imagined situation that did not happen and cannot now be changed.
Complete and explain: If Ahmed ...... (not eat) so much food at the party, he ...... (not become) so ill.
If Ahmed hadn't eaten so much food at the party, he wouldn't have become so ill. The if-clause takes hadn't + past participle and the main clause takes wouldn't have + past participle. It means that Ahmed did eat too much and did become ill.
What are the two most common mistakes in the third conditional?
Putting 'would' inside the if-clause ('If I would have seen you' is wrong), and using the base form or past simple after 'would have' instead of the past participle.

الدرس 3: Vocabulary & Pronunciation: Verbs related to talking; Stress in phrases

  • English has several verbs for different ways of talking, and each one has its own preposition.
  • chat to a friend, converse with someone, discuss something (no preposition), argue with someone, speak to someone about a subject, and tell someone something.
  • The Feelings exercise practises the adjectives worried, bored, weary, lonesome, irritated and sickly.
  • 'A cup of coffee' is the drink in the cup; 'a coffee cup' is a cup made for coffee and may be empty.
  • The Grammar file explains this as compound nouns: the first noun acts like an adjective describing the second.
  • In phrases such as 'a carton of milk', the stress falls on 'car-' and on 'milk', never on 'a' or 'of'.
  • Keep the same stress pattern when the phrase is inside a longer sentence.
  • The Words to remember are autograph, converse, in charge of, irritated, lonesome, plaza, sickly, stadium, teapot and weary.

الزبدة: Learn a talking verb together with the word that follows it; the preposition is part of the meaning. · 'X of Y' names the contents; 'Y X' (a compound noun) names the object made for that purpose. · English rhythm rests on the content words: strong on nouns, weak on 'a' and 'of'.

الأسئلة المهمة (7)
Choose and explain: I often spend hours arguing / chatting / conversing to my friends.
chatting. 'Chat to somebody' means to have friendly, relaxed talk, which fits 'spend hours … to my friends'. 'Converse' takes 'with', not 'to', and 'argue' would mean quarrelling for hours.
Why is 'discuss' the right verb in 'It's good to ...... your future plans with your parents'?
Because 'discuss' takes its object directly, with no preposition: you discuss your plans. 'Speak' and 'talk' would need 'about': speak about your plans.
What do people need to do if they feel weary, lonesome or sickly?
If they feel weary, they need to rest. If they feel lonesome, they need company — to meet friends or family. If they feel sickly, they need to see a doctor and take some medicine.
What is the difference between 'a box of matches' and 'a matchbox'?
'A box of matches' is a box with matches inside it, so we are talking about the matches. 'A matchbox' is the small box designed to hold matches; it can be empty, and it is a compound noun written as one word.
How does the Grammar file explain compound nouns?
It says: We combine two nouns to make a new idea. This can become one word or remain as two words. The first noun often acts as an adjective, describing the second noun — a bathroom, a hairbrush, the chair leg.
Where does the stress fall in the phrase 'a bar of chocolate'?
On 'bar' and on the first syllable of 'chocolate' (CHOC-o-late). The words 'a' and 'of' are unstressed, exactly as in the model 'a CARton of MILK'.
What does the Quote on this page say, and who wrote it?
"Each friend represents a world in us, a world possibly not born until they arrive, and it is only by this meeting that a new world is born." It is by Anaïs Nin.

الدرس 4: Writing: A description of your favourite meeting place

  • The task of the page is to write a description of your favourite meeting place.
  • Exercise 1 collects your ideas: where you meet your friends, and where you would like to meet but cannot.
  • Exercise 2 is a six-turn conversation in which each speaker invites the other to an event.
  • Exercise 3 links back to the reading: why coffee has been popular for so long, and what beverages we drink in Kuwait.
  • Exercise 4 asks three things: describe the place, say what you do there, and say why you like it so much.
  • Write it as one paragraph, not as three separate answers.
  • Use 'there is / there are' for the description, the present simple for what you do, and 'because' for the reason.

الزبدة: A description task always has parts written inside the question itself; the question is your plan. · Speaking exercises before a writing task are not warm-up: they are where you collect the sentences you will write. · An answer supported by a fact from the unit's reading text is stronger than an opinion on its own.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
What is the task of this page?
To write a description of your favourite meeting place.
What are the two questions of exercise 1, and what must the answer to the second one contain?
a Where do you meet with your friends? b Is there a place where you would like to meet your friends, but there is a reason you cannot? The second answer must contain both the place you would like and the reason you cannot go there, so it needs 'but' or 'because'.
How many turns does the conversation in exercise 2 have, and who invites whom?
Six turns — A, B, A, B, A, B — and each one of you invites the other to an event, so there are two invitations in the conversation.
Why do you think coffee has been a popular drink for so long? Answer using the reading text of this unit.
Because it does two things at the same time. It gives people energy when they feel sleepy, which is why it became popular in the Arab countries; and it brings people together — the coffee houses became the centre of social life in London, and in Kuwait serving and drinking coffee have been at the heart of the country's famous hospitality for centuries.
What three questions must your paragraph in exercise 4 answer?
Describe it (what the place is like), what do you do there, and why do you like it so much.
Which language is useful for describing a place, and which for saying what you do there?
For the description: 'there is / there are' and prepositions of place such as next to, around, in the corner of, opposite. For the actions: the present simple with a time expression, such as 'We meet there every Thursday after the evening prayer.'

الدرس 5: Speaking: Arranging to meet

  • Arranging to meet means agreeing on the place, the day and time, and the activity.
  • In exercise 1 you listen to a telephone conversation and fill a table with those three things.
  • In exercise 2 Student A notes the phrases for suggesting, and Student B the phrases for agreeing and rejecting.
  • Suggest politely with the past continuous: I was wondering if you'd like to meet for a coffee.
  • Other suggestions: What about Thursday? How about the plaza? We could have a coffee and a catch-up.
  • Reject with an apology, 'I can't make it', and a reason: I'm sorry, I can't make it on Friday – I'm shopping with my mother.
  • Agree with: That'd be great. Good idea. That's okay for me. That's fine.
  • In exercise 4 you sit back to back, so everything must be said in words, and then you change roles and arrange a short meeting today.

الزبدة: Every arrangement needs three agreements: where, when and what — and a good speaker repeats them at the end to confirm. · English softens a suggestion with the past continuous and softens a refusal with an apology and a reason. · On the telephone the voice does all the work, so prepare more than one time and place before you call.

الأسئلة المهمة (7)
What three things must you find out in the table of exercise 1?
Where to meet, what day and time, and what to do.
What does Student A note in exercise 2, and what does Student B note?
Student A notes the phrases the speakers use to make suggestions. Student B notes the phrases they use to agree to a suggestion and to reject a suggestion.
Why does the book tell you to use the past continuous in 'I was wondering if you'd like to meet for a coffee'?
Because the past continuous makes an invitation or a suggestion polite. It sounds softer and less direct than 'I wonder' or 'Do you want to meet?', and it leaves the other person free to say no.
How do you reject a suggestion politely, according to the Useful Language box?
In three pieces: an apology, the words 'I can't make it', and a reason — 'I'm sorry, I can't make it on Friday – I'm shopping with my mother.'
Give four ways of agreeing to a suggestion from the Useful Language box.
That'd be great. Good idea. That's okay (for me). That's fine.
Why does exercise 4b ask you to sit back to back?
So that you can't see each other's face, exactly like a real telephone call. You cannot nod or point, so every agreement, refusal and detail has to be said in words.
What is different about the second conversation in exercise 4d?
You change roles, and the arrangement must be for later today, not next week. The meeting can be very short — five minutes — but it is important, so it has to be today.

الدرس 6: Focus on: Meeting Friends in Kuwait

  • Diwaniyas are informal social gatherings, usually of Kuwaiti men, where people discuss everything from business to football and from politics to literature.
  • Diwaniya literally means a place of assembly, and the word comes from the Arabic 'diwan', the office in which the Amir meets and talks with his subjects.
  • Traditionally the Diwaniya was held in a large tent with cushions; today permanent structures are built for it.
  • Family Diwaniyas reinforce ties between extended families; the main room is often a U-shape with the elders seated at the head.
  • Some politicians hold Diwaniyas for their constituents, and the tradition dates back to HH Sabah the First, who visited Diwaniyas to learn of public grievances.
  • Although Diwaniyas are normally an exclusively male gathering, women often hold their own gatherings at the same time.
  • A sentence adverb such as Etymologically or Traditionally qualifies a whole sentence and is followed by a comma.
  • An introductory clause beginning with Although should also be followed by a comma; Although and though are generally interchangeable.

الزبدة: The Diwaniya is at once a family institution, a social meeting place and a political space, and that is why it has survived. · The article moves from the word itself, to the family, to politics, to women and to the present day — a clear plan you can copy in your own writing. · A comma marks the end of anything placed in front of the main sentence, whether it is one adverb or a whole Although clause.

الأسئلة المهمة (7)
What is a Diwaniya, according to the article?
Diwaniyas are informal social gatherings, usually of Kuwaiti men, at which people meet to discuss issues ranging from business to football, and from politics to literature. The word literally means a place of assembly.
Where does the word 'Diwaniya' come from?
Etymologically, the name originates from the Arabic word 'diwan', which means the office in which the Amir meets and talks with his subjects.
How has the building of the Diwaniya changed?
Traditionally, the Diwaniya would be held in a large tent, with cushions upon which to sit, whereas it is now common to find permanent structures built specifically for Diwaniya.
Describe the family Diwaniya and the shape of its main room.
Family Diwaniyas reinforce strong ties between the extended families. In the eighteenth century major families set up an extension to their main house where they met guests and discussed important issues, and weddings and funeral ceremonies for the male side of the family were held there. The main room is often a U-shape, with the elders of the family seated at the head to meet guests and direct discussion.
What is the political function of the Diwaniya, and how far back does it go?
Some Kuwaiti politicians hold Diwaniyas for their constituents, so that citizens can talk to their MP face-to-face, and politicians have even used the Diwaniya in political campaigns to meet and court potential voters. The tradition dates back to The First Amir of Kuwait, HH Sabah the First, who used to visit many Diwaniyas so as to learn of public grievances, and it is continued to this day by the current Amir and other dignitaries.
What is a sentence adverb, and what punctuation follows it?
A sentence adverb qualifies a whole sentence, and not just a part of it — like 'Etymologically' and 'Traditionally' in the first paragraph. A sentence adverb is followed by a comma.
What are the rules for 'Although' given on this page?
Although is usually placed at the beginning of its clause. Although and though are generally interchangeable. An introductory clause beginning with Although should be followed by a comma.

الدرس 7: Project 1: Creating a festival leaflet

  • A good leaflet is judged by how attractive it looks and by giving as much information as possible in a small space.
  • To compare leaflets, look at which you prefer, which has more information, and which looks more attractive.
  • A leaflet-planning checklist: what the event is for, where and when it is, its main features, who it suits, and what is unique about it.
  • Persuasive expressions like «the one and only», verbs like «join» and «don't miss», and adjectives like «unique» and «breathtaking» make a leaflet convincing.
  • Making a leaflet has four stages: study models, extract quick information, plan with a partner, then create and present your leaflet.

الزبدة: A festival leaflet must both inform and persuade the reader at the same time. · Planning with a checklist before writing produces a clearer and more complete leaflet. · Scanning a leaflet quickly for key facts, as in Stage 2, is a real reading skill.

الأسئلة المهمة (7)
Who are the people who will take part in Green Festival?
More than 125 renowned authors, leaders and educators, together with individuals, business people and community leaders.
What will the festival's schedule include?
How-to workshops, cutting-edge films, fun activities for kids, vegetarian food and live music, and a marketplace with cotton clothing, Fair Trade gifts and kitchen tiles made from renewable resources.
What are the aims of Green Festival?
To find solutions that make people's lives healthier — socially, economically and environmentally — and to bring individuals, businesses and community leaders together to discuss issues that affect people at home and abroad.
When is the Lantern Festival held? Why?
On 28 February 2010, because that day marks the last day of the Chinese New Year season.
What does the Lantern Festival consist of?
Food stalls, a picnic on the grass with a candle-lit paper lantern, hundreds of imported feature lanterns hung in the streets, a performance by 10 acrobats from China, the Lantern Riddle game, free entertainment and Chinese dumplings.
Make a list of the most important things you think a leaflet should contain.
What the event is held for, where and when it is, its main features, who it is suitable for, what makes it unique, an attractive picture, and persuasive language that makes people want to attend.
What part of the festival do you like best? Why?
Students' answers will vary; a suitable answer could be: 'I like the acrobats' performance at the Lantern Festival best, because it is an exciting live show you cannot see every day.'

الوحدة 4Unit 4 — Communicating

الدرس 1: Reading: Communication Breakdown

  • A good listener listens openly and with empathy, and is aware of defensiveness in a conversation.
  • Poor communication is at the root of many personal problems; effective communication is essential for healthy relationships.
  • Effective listening means practising supportive (not one-way) listening, asking for paraphrases, and listening between the lines.
  • A good listener does not interrupt, does not react only to emotional words, and does not judge before understanding.
  • Being a patient listener enhances empathy and helps you see the world through the eyes of others.
  • New vocabulary from this lesson: adjustment, assumption, block out, capacity, defensiveness, distraction, empathy, enhance, interlocutor, non-verbal.
  • Adjectives such as interpersonal, supportive, effective, skilful, threatened, one-way and valuable describe aspects of communication.

الزبدة: Effective communication depends heavily on effective, empathetic listening skills. · Defensiveness is a natural but harmful reaction that a skilful listener learns to manage. · Understanding communication vocabulary and adjectives helps you describe communication situations accurately.

الأسئلة المهمة (7)
What is the most common communication problem according to the article? How would you deal with it?
The article states that a major source of communication problems is defensiveness — when people feel threatened they try to protect themselves. A skilful listener deals with it by being aware of the potential for defensiveness and making the adjustments needed during the conversation.
Why is empathy an essential factor for healthy communication?
Because being a good and patient listener, which requires empathy, helps you solve many problems and see the world through the eyes of others, which enhances healthy communication.
What does the article mean by 'listening between the lines'?
It means paying attention not only to the words a person says, but also to the deeper or unspoken meaning behind what they are saying.
What do you understand of the proverb cited in the last line of the article: 'Listen or your tongue will keep you deaf'?
It means that if a person talks too much instead of listening, they will never learn anything new from others — their own talking (tongue) will 'deafen' them to the wisdom of others.
List three suggestions from the article for effective listening.
Any three of: listen openly and with empathy; practise supportive listening instead of one-way listening; ask for paraphrases and repetitions; listen between the lines; neither control the conversation nor interrupt your interlocutor; don't react to emotional words, but interpret their purpose; don't judge before you comprehend.
What is defensiveness, and why do people become defensive according to the article?
Defensiveness is trying to protect oneself. According to the article, people become defensive when they feel threatened, which the article describes as a natural reaction.
According to the quote by Rollo May, what does communication lead to?
Communication leads to community, that is, to understanding, intimacy and mutual valuing.

الدرس 2: Grammar: Definite and indefinite articles; Correlative and subordinating conjunctions

  • Use «a» before a consonant sound and «an» before a vowel sound, with singular countable nouns.
  • Use «the» with singular or plural nouns: when we mean something already mentioned, superlatives, things everyone knows about, or certain geographical names (rivers, seas/oceans, mountain ranges, groups of islands, and countries made of smaller states).
  • «Both … and» joins two matching items (adjectives, nouns or verbs) that go together.
  • «Either … or» offers a choice between two possibilities, in a positive sense.
  • «Neither … nor» joins two negative ideas; it is the opposite of «both … and» and is fairly formal.
  • «But», «although», «however» and «in spite of» all show contrast between two points.
  • «In spite of» is followed by a noun or an '-ing' word, not a full clause; «although» and «but» join full clauses.

الزبدة: Choosing «a», «an» or «the» depends on sound (consonant/vowel) and on whether the noun is new, specific, or already known. · Correlative conjunctions («both…and», «either…or», «neither…nor») join two matching, equal items. · Subordinating conjunctions of contrast («but», «although», «however», «in spite of») connect two contrasting ideas, but each has its own pattern.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
What is the rule for using «a» or «an» before a noun?
We use «a» before a consonant sound (a uniform, a beautiful bird) and «an» before a vowel sound (an optician, an apple tree).
Name four uses of the indefinite article «a / an».
A person's job (She's a doctor); something or someone for the first time (We saw an elephant); a person or thing, but not a special one (I need a pen); one — not two or more — of something (Her letter was only a page long).
Name four uses of the definite article «the».
Something already mentioned (The elephant was enormous); superlative expressions (the best teacher); something everyone knows about (the sun); geographical names such as rivers or countries made of smaller states (the Nile, the United Kingdom).
What is a correlative conjunction? Give one example pair.
Correlative conjunctions are pairs of conjunctions that work together to coordinate two items, such as «both … and», «either … or», or «neither … nor».
What is the difference between «either … or» and «neither … nor»?
«Either … or» talks about a choice between two possibilities in a positive sense (I can either visit our neighbours or talk to them). «Neither … nor» joins two negative ideas and is the opposite of «both … and» (The film was neither well-made nor well-acted).
What does a subordinating conjunction do? Name four examples that show contrast.
It introduces a dependent clause and shows the relationship with the independent clause. Examples that show contrast: «but», «although», «however», «in spite of».

الدرس 3: Vocabulary & Pronunciation: Quantity words with uncountable nouns; Place names and articles; Stress in verb / noun words

  • Meat and other uncountable nouns need a quantity word: a slice/piece of meat, not "meats".
  • Common quantity words include: a bar of chocolate, a grain of rice/salt, an item of clothing/news, a lump of sugar, a pane of glass, a piece of cake/advice/information, and a slice of bread/cheese/lemon/toast.
  • 'The' is used before rivers, seas and oceans, mountain ranges, groups of islands, and country names formed of more than one word (the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom).
  • 'The' is NOT used before most single countries and continents, single mountains, single islands, and towns or cities (Japan, Africa, Everest, Malta, London).
  • In many two-syllable noun/verb pairs (comment, report, decrease, insult), the stress moves from the first syllable in the noun to the second syllable in the verb.
  • New words to remember from this lesson: accountant, annual, continent, courteous, deem, demand, diva, flattering, harshly, insult, meticulously, mountain range, owe, and pane.

الزبدة: Uncountable nouns need a counting word (a piece/slice/bar of ...) before they can be counted. · Whether a place name takes 'the' depends on its type, not on personal choice. · Word stress can change even though the spelling of a noun and a verb stays exactly the same.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
What kind of noun is 'meat', and how do we count it?
'Meat' is an uncountable noun, so instead of saying 'three meats' we say 'three slices' or 'pieces of meat'.
Give three examples of quantity words used with uncountable nouns from this lesson.
Examples: a piece of (advice/information/cake), a slice of (bread/toast/cheese), a bar of chocolate, a lump of sugar, a pane of glass, an item of clothing/news, a grain of rice.
Which types of place names are usually used with 'the'? Give two examples from the page.
Rivers (the Nile, the Volga), seas and oceans (the Caspian Sea, the Gulf), mountain ranges (the Himalayas), groups of islands (the West Indies), and country/union names of more than one word (the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom).
Which types of place names are usually used WITHOUT 'the'? Give two examples from the page.
Single countries and continents (Japan, Africa, Europe, Malta, Kuwait, Jamaica), single mountains (Everest), and towns/cities (London, Kingston).
What happens to the stress when a word like 'report' or 'insult' changes from a noun to a verb?
The primary stress usually moves from the first syllable in the noun (REport, INsult) to the second syllable in the verb (rePORT, inSULT).
Name three words from the 'Words to remember' box on this page and give their meaning.
For example: accountant (a person whose job is to keep financial records), courteous (polite and respectful), meticulously (very carefully, paying attention to detail).

الدرس 4: Reading: A formal letter of application

  • A formal letter of application is written to apply for a job, and it explains the writer's purpose, background, and reason for applying.
  • Faisal Assaif, a 31-year-old Kuwaiti surgeon living in New York, writes to a hospital in Kuwait to apply for a job as a surgeon.
  • Formal letters use full verb forms (not contractions) and formal words and phrases.
  • A formal letter usually starts with 'Dear Sirs,' or 'Dear Sir/Madam,' and ends with 'Yours faithfully,' when the reader's name is unknown, or 'Dear Mr/Ms [surname],' and 'Yours sincerely,' when it is known.
  • Faisal encloses his curriculum vitae and an attestation of his doctorate degree as supporting documents.

الزبدة: A formal letter of application states the purpose, the writer's qualifications, and the reason for applying, in a formal tone. · Full verb forms and formal vocabulary, plus a matching formal greeting and closing, make a letter formal.

الأسئلة المهمة (5)
What is the purpose of the letter?
Faisal writes to offer his services as a surgeon for the new hospital that is currently being built, in response to an advertisement in the Kuwait Times.
Who is it written to and who by?
It is written by Dr Faisal Assaif, a Kuwaiti surgeon living in New York, to the management of a new hospital in Kuwait (addressed as 'Dear Sirs,').
Why is Faisal applying for a new job?
Because he has decided to return to his home country and live there with his family permanently, and he believes the new hospital, which has an excellent reputation, would give him more experience.
What makes the letter formal?
It uses full verb forms instead of contractions (e.g. 'I am enclosing', not 'I'm enclosing'), a formal greeting and closing ('Dear Sirs,' ... 'Yours faithfully,'), and formal words and phrases (e.g. 'In response to your advertisement', 'Regarding references').
How does the letter start and end, and what other ways can be used?
It starts with 'Dear Sirs,' and ends with 'Yours faithfully,' because the writer does not know the reader's name. Other formal letters can start with 'Dear Sir/Madam,' or 'Dear Mr/Ms [surname],' and end with 'Yours faithfully,' (unknown name) or 'Yours sincerely,' (known name).

الدرس 5: Writing: A formal letter of application

  • A formal letter of application has five paragraphs: purpose, qualifications, reason for choosing the university, enclosure, and a polite conclusion.
  • Fill in the University Application form first — it gives you the facts you need for your letter.
  • Use formal phrases from the Useful Language box: giving information, explaining your choices, and expressing gratitude.
  • Your letter must be 170-200 words long, with an appropriate formal opening and closing.
  • Reuse formal words and phrases from Dr Faisal Assaif's letter of application.
  • Learn and use the new words: attestation, cardiac, doctorate, enclose, extensive, in advance, reference.

الزبدة: A formal letter of application follows a fixed five-paragraph plan. · Formal writing uses set phrases for giving information, explaining choices, and thanking the reader.

الأسئلة المهمة (7)
What are the five paragraph headings you should plan your letter around?
Paragraph 1: purpose for writing / course applied for. Paragraph 2: personal qualifications and experience. Paragraph 3: reason for applying to that particular university. Paragraph 4: enclosure. Paragraph 5: conclusion (thanking).
How many words should your letter of application be?
170-200 words.
Whose letter should you use as a model for formal words and phrases?
Dr Faisal Assaif's letter of application, from the Reading lesson before this one.
Give one phrase from the Useful Language box that you can use to explain why you chose a course.
For example: "My main reason for choosing this course is …" or "The main motive …" or "I am choosing this course …"
Give one phrase from the Useful Language box that you can use to thank the reader at the end of your letter.
For example: "Thank you in advance for your attention …" or "Thank you for the opportunity …"
What information does Paragraph 4 of the letter usually give?
Enclosure — any other papers attached to the letter.
What should you fill in before you start writing your letter?
The University Application form: personal details, details of the course(s), academic qualifications, and other information relevant to the application.

الوحدة 5Unit 5 — Writing

الدرس 1: Reading: The history of writing

  • Writing began in Mesopotamia in about 3000 BCE with pictograms used to record economic information.
  • Pictograms gradually developed into cuneiform, a system of symbols inscribed on blocks of clay with reeds.
  • Hieroglyphics developed in Egypt at about the same time as cuneiform developed in Mesopotamia.
  • Chinese scribes began writing with characters on tortoise shells in about 1500 BCE, and Chinese people still use characters today.
  • The Phoenicians invented an alphabet in which each letter represents a sound, and the Roman alphabet is an ameliorated form of the Phoenician alphabet.
  • Arabic has been used since the 4th century CE, is written from right to left, has twenty-eight letters, and is the second most widely used alphabet in the world.
  • Arabic writing, like Chinese, is both a precious art form and a practical method of communication.

الزبدة: Writing systems developed independently in different parts of the world: pictograms and cuneiform in Mesopotamia, hieroglyphics in Egypt, and characters in China. · Alphabets, in which letters represent sounds rather than whole words or ideas, made writing more practical and spread widely, as with the Phoenician, Roman and Arabic alphabets.

الأسئلة المهمة (7)
Where and when did writing start, according to the article?
Writing started in Mesopotamia in about 3000 BCE.
What did the Mesopotamians use pictograms for?
To communicate economic information, for example about agriculture and financial matters.
How did cuneiform develop?
Pictograms gradually became a system of cuneiform symbols, which were inscribed on blocks of clay with reeds.
Why is the Chinese writing system difficult to learn?
Because each character represents a word, so people must learn to recognise thousands of characters before they can read even a simple story.
What is special about the alphabet the Phoenicians invented?
Each letter represents a sound, and letters are combined to make words, unlike pictogram or character systems.
How does Arabic writing differ from writing based on the Roman alphabet?
Arabic is written from right to left and has twenty-eight letters, unlike the Roman alphabet.
What two roles does Arabic writing play, according to the article?
It is a precious art form as well as a practical method of communication.

الدرس 2: Grammar: Present perfect simple and continuous; for / since

  • The present perfect simple is have/has + the past participle; it describes a finished action, a past experience with a present result, or how long something has happened.
  • The present perfect continuous is have/has + been + the -ing form; it describes an activity that continues over a length of time or that may not be finished.
  • 'I've read the newspaper' (simple) suggests the action is finished; 'I've been reading the newspaper' (continuous) suggests it may not be finished yet.
  • 'For' is followed by a period of time, such as 'for five thousand years'.
  • 'Since' is followed by a point of time in the past, such as 'since the 4th century CE'.
  • 'For' and 'since' can be used with both the present perfect simple and the present perfect continuous.
  • To match sentence beginnings and endings (Exercise 1), look for the time expression: 'since 2005' points to a starting date, 'for over an hour' points to a duration.
  • When a sentence states a countable, finished achievement (acquired over 3000 characters), use the simple; when it states an ongoing activity over time (been using the alphabet), use the continuous.

الزبدة: The choice between the present perfect simple and continuous depends on whether the action is seen as finished/countable or as an ongoing activity. · 'For' always goes with a length of time, and 'since' always goes with a starting point in time. · Both for and since can attach to either the present perfect simple or the present perfect continuous.

الأسئلة المهمة (8)
How do we form the present perfect simple?
We use the present simple of the verb have + the past participle form of the main verb, as in: I've just finished my lunch.
How do we form the present perfect continuous?
We use the present simple of the verb have + been + the -ing form of the main verb, as in: She's been writing letters.
Give the three uses of the present perfect simple as stated in the Grammar File.
1) the fact that something happened in the past; 2) a past experience or achievement with a definite result in the present; 3) how long something has happened.
Give the two uses of the present perfect continuous as stated in the Grammar File.
1) an activity which continues over a length of time; 2) an activity which may not be completed.
What kind of time expression follows for, and what kind follows since?
'For' is followed by a period of time, a length of time. 'Since' is followed by a point of time in the past.
Explain the difference in meaning between 'I've been reading the newspaper' and 'I've read the newspaper'.
'I've been reading the newspaper' (continuous) suggests the activity may not be finished. 'I've read the newspaper' (simple) suggests it is finished, and the person has probably read as much as they wanted to.
In the sentence 'My family has worked for his company for twenty years / since 1989', can for and since both be used with the present perfect simple?
Yes — the Grammar File states that for and since can also be used with present perfect simple verbs, not only with the continuous.
Why does Exercise 5(a) use 'since 1500 BCE' and not 'for 1500 BCE'?
Because 1500 BCE is a specific point of time in the past, and since is used with a point of time, not a period of time.

الدرس 3: Vocabulary & Pronunciation: Ways of writing; Stress in phrasal verbs and compound nouns

  • Exercise 1 practises the history of writing with the verbs draw, paint, inscribe, write and the nouns brush, clay, ink, paper, pen, pencil.
  • The Chinese wrote with a brush and ink; the Mesopotamians inscribed pictograms on clay with a reed; people today write on paper with a ballpoint pen.
  • Exercise 2 pairs opposite adjectives: ancient/modern, practical/impractical, precious/worthless, professional/amateur, simple/complicated.
  • A phrasal verb (to fall off, to call in, to try out) and its equivalent compound noun (a fall-off, a call-in, a tryout) are usually stressed differently.
  • The 'Words to remember' box on this page lists ten new words, including amateur, literacy, publish and writer's block.

الزبدة: Learning a word's opposite (ancient/modern, precious/worthless) doubles your vocabulary with one exercise. · A phrasal verb and its matching compound noun are spelled almost the same but stressed differently, so listening carefully matters as much as reading. · Different writing tools and materials — brush and ink, clay and reed, paper and pen — belong to different periods in the history of writing.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
What verb and nouns complete the sentence about how the Mesopotamians wrote?
They inscribed their pictograms on blocks of clay with a reed.
Give the opposite of 'professional' from the lesson's word list.
amateur
Complete: 'I couldn't understand that film – it had a very ___ plot.'
complicated
What is the difference between the phrasal verb 'to fall off' and the compound noun 'a fall-off'?
'To fall off' is a verb phrase, as in 'He fell off his bike'; 'a fall-off' is a noun meaning a decrease, as in 'a fall-off in sales'. The two are also usually stressed differently.
What does 'writer's block' mean?
A condition in which a writer is temporarily unable to produce new work.
Which verb and nouns complete: 'Today most people write on ___ with a ballpoint ___.'?
write on paper with a ballpoint pen

الدرس 4: Writing: An opinion essay about languages

  • An opinion essay clearly states your opinion and gives reasons to support it.
  • The essay in this lesson should be 170–200 words and cover three ideas: facts about historical impact, examples of dominant use today, and predictions about the future.
  • Different languages use different alphabets, such as Greek, Hindi (Devanagari), Russian (Cyrillic), Spanish, Italian, and German.
  • Key vocabulary from the article: record, communicate, symbol, trade, represent, combine, precious.
  • Numbers and dates can be written in words (e.g. 1999 = nineteen ninety-nine) or in figures (e.g. thirty-five sounds = 35 sounds).

الزبدة: Support your opinion with reasons: facts, examples, and predictions. · Vocabulary meanings and number/date forms both follow clear rules you can apply directly. · Different alphabets can express the same idea, such as a greeting, in very different written forms.

الأسئلة المهمة (7)
How many words should the opinion essay in Activity 3 be?
170–200 words.
What three kinds of support should you use for your three ideas in the essay?
Facts, examples, and predictions.
Where can you find useful expressions to help you write the essay?
In the Useful Language box on page 43, as the book states.
What does the word 'symbol' mean in Activity 4?
A written sign which stands for something else.
How do you write '1999' in words?
Nineteen ninety-nine.
How do you write 'twenty-six letters' as a number?
26 letters.
Which language greeting in Activity 1 is written in the Devanagari (Hindi) script?
नमस्ते.

الدرس 5: Speaking: Interviewing

  • This lesson practises listening to an interview and preparing your own interview questions.
  • The interview in this lesson is with the Kuwaiti poet and businessman Abdul Aziz Al-Babtain.
  • A good interview introduction names the guest and says why they are interesting or well known.
  • Useful phrases for conducting an interview include "Can I ask you …?", "Do you have …?" and "Any future plans?".
  • When you prepare interview questions, write four or five questions in the most appropriate order.
  • Key vocabulary for this lesson includes contribution, dominate, economic, honorary PhD, impact, mainly and wordsmith.

الزبدة: A clear introduction and a logical order of questions make an interview easy to follow. · Useful Language phrases help you conduct an interview politely and confidently. · Preparing and practising questions in advance improves a real interview.

الأسئلة المهمة (7)
What is the name of the poet interviewed in this lesson?
Abdul Aziz Al-Babtain.
How does the interviewer introduce Abdul Aziz Al-Babtain at the start of the interview?
The interviewer says he is known in Kuwait, the Gulf and the Arab world, and describes him as a prominent Kuwaiti poet, a businessman and one of the greatest wordsmiths in modern Arabic poetry.
Give two phrases you can use to start an interview politely.
"Can I start by asking you …?" and "Can I ask you …?"
How many students work together in the 'Speak' activity?
Four (a group of four).
Give two example subjects you could interview a partner about.
Any two of: playing a sport, reading, travelling, listening to or playing music.
What does 'wordsmith' mean?
A skilled writer or user of words.
Name one phrase from the Useful Language box you can use to ask about someone's future plans.
"Any future plans?" (or "And do you have any future plans …?").

الوحدة 6Unit 6 — On the phone

الدرس 1: Reading: Mobile phones

  • Mobile phones are used differently by college students, parents and business professionals.
  • Mobile phones can work as calendars, watches, alarm clocks, calculators, radios and notepads.
  • The cell phone has replaced the PDA as a portable complement to the computer.
  • Mobile phones let users send e-mails and browse the Internet via WAP or HTML browsers.
  • Professor Ramesh Jain predicts phones will become a dominant CCC (communication, computing, content) device.
  • Mobile phones have developed from large 1980s car phones to small 1990s digital phones to 2000s phones with cameras, video and Internet.
  • George Gilder calls future phones 'teleputers' — an all-in-one remote control for our lives.

الزبدة: Mobile phones have become a necessity used differently by different groups of people. · Mobile phones have developed rapidly from simple car phones to multi-function 'teleputers'. · Reading an article carefully can confirm or correct your predictions made before reading.

الأسئلة المهمة (7)
According to the article, how do college students use mobile phones?
They use them to inform their parents when they want to stay late at the library, and to chat with friends or plan days out.
How do parents use mobile phones, according to the article?
They use them to check on their children or to call for help in emergencies.
Besides making calls, what other functions can a mobile phone have, according to the article?
It can work as a calendar, watch, alarm clock, calculator, radio, and notepad for reminders.
What has the cell phone replaced, according to the article, and why?
It has replaced the PDA (personal digital assistant), because it has become the portable complement to the computer.
What did Ramesh Jain say about mobile phones on his weblog?
He wrote that mobile phones are becoming very powerful and are likely to become a dominant device for CCC (communication, computing and content).
What is a 'teleputer', according to the article?
It is George Gilder's name for the future mobile phone: the ultimate remote control of our life, combining communication, computing and content.
According to the Factfile, what were the first mobile phones used for, and where?
In 1946 in Sweden, the first mobile phones were used in police cars.

الدرس 2: Grammar: Question tags; Imperatives

  • A question tag is a short question added to the end of a statement.
  • If the statement is affirmative, the tag is negative; if the statement is negative, the tag is affirmative.
  • The pronoun in the tag matches the subject of the statement, and the verb in the tag matches the verb in the statement.
  • With present simple or past simple main verbs, the tag uses do/don't, does/doesn't, or did/didn't.
  • With other tenses, the tag repeats the auxiliary verb of the statement.
  • Rising intonation on a tag asks a real question; falling intonation checks that a statement is true.
  • Some tags are irregular, for example 'Open the window, would you?' and 'Let's go, shall we?'.
  • Affirmative imperatives use the infinitive without to; negative imperatives use don't + infinitive, and imperatives can give instructions, advice, suggestions, offers or good wishes.

الزبدة: A question tag either asks for a real answer (rising voice) or checks that something is true (falling voice). · Opposite polarity: an affirmative statement takes a negative tag, and a negative statement takes an affirmative tag. · Imperatives keep the same verb form whoever you are speaking to — no subject is needed.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
How are question tags formed? (Look at the pronouns and the main verbs.)
The pronoun in the tag matches the subject of the statement, and the verb in the tag matches the verb (or auxiliary) in the statement. If the statement is affirmative, the tag is negative, and if the statement is negative, the tag is affirmative. With present/past simple main verbs, do/does/did is used in the tag.
What is the difference between a question tag said with rising intonation and one said with falling intonation?
Rising intonation means the speaker really needs an answer, because they do not know the information. Falling intonation means the speaker is only checking that their statement is true.
Give two examples of irregular question tags and explain when each is used.
'Would you?' is used after an imperative, e.g. 'Open the window, would you?'. 'Shall we?' is used after a statement with 'Let's', e.g. 'Let's go to the library, shall we?'.
What form do affirmative imperatives take?
Affirmative imperatives have the same form as the infinitive without 'to', for example 'Look', 'Have', 'Enjoy'.
How are negative imperatives formed?
Negative imperatives are formed with 'do not' (don't) + the infinitive, for example 'Don't forget your books.'
List some uses of imperatives.
Imperatives are used to tell or ask people what to do, to make suggestions, to give advice or instructions, to encourage, to offer, and to express good wishes for people's welfare.

الدرس 3: Vocabulary & Pronunciation: Communicating; Intonation in question tags

  • Exercise 1 matches problem sentences about phones with their correct endings, using words like security number, ringtone, mountainous and recharge.
  • The verbs leave, receive and send combine with nouns like a message, an e-mail, a fax and a text message to talk about different ways of communicating.
  • Words to remember on this page: hike, mountainous, notify, recognise, security, usher.
  • If a speaker's voice goes down at the end of a question tag, they are checking that their statement is true.
  • If a speaker's voice goes up at the end of a question tag, they really want information.
  • In Exercise 4, each question tag is marked (Up) or (Down) to show exactly how to say it.

الزبدة: The same grammatical form of a question tag can be said with rising or falling intonation, and the intonation — not the words — shows whether the speaker wants an answer or is only checking. · New vocabulary about phones (security, signal, recharge, ringtone) is often tested by matching a problem to its consequence or solution. · Different verbs (leave, receive, send) go with different nouns (a message, an e-mail, a fax, a text message) to describe different ways people communicate.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
What does it mean if you say a phone signal is 'weak'?
It means the phone's connection to the network is poor, so calls may be hard to hear or the line may break up, as in a mountainous area.
What is the difference between 'leaving a message' and 'sending a text message'?
You leave a message on someone's answerphone so they can listen to it later, but you send a text message as a short written message directly to their phone.
When does a question tag go up at the end, and when does it go down?
It goes down when the speaker is only checking that their statement is true, and it goes up when the speaker doesn't know the answer and genuinely wants information.
What does 'I don't recognise the ringtone' mean, based on Exercise 1?
It means the sound isn't the speaker's own ringtone, so they know it isn't their phone ringing.
What job does an 'usher' do, based on Exercise 4g?
An usher shows people to their seats, for example checking tickets at a cinema or theatre, as in 'The usher hasn't checked your ticket yet, has he?'
Why would someone need to recharge their phone?
Because the battery is flat (empty) and needs more power before the phone can be used again.

الدرس 4: Listening: Instructions for using a mobile phone

  • Exercise 1 gives two sets of step-by-step instructions for using a mobile phone: Text A for connecting to the Internet, Text B for creating a photo album.
  • Text A: go to the menu, click on Web, then either type a website address or select a saved bookmark for quick access.
  • Your mobile phone needs a modem that is GPRS enabled in order to connect to the Internet.
  • Text B: first create an empty folder (Create folder, type its name, Save), then fill it with pictures (Open Pictures, select pictures, Copy, Return to the folder, Paste).
  • Not all mobile phones follow exactly the same instructions, but they are all similar.

الزبدة: Following technical instructions step by step, in the correct order, is essential when using a mobile phone. · The same basic actions (menu, select, click on, save) are reused for many different mobile phone tasks.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
What are the two ways of using a mobile phone described in exercise 1?
Connecting to the Internet through a mobile phone (Text A) and creating a photo album on your mobile phone (Text B).
According to Text A, what must you check before you can connect to the Internet on your mobile phone?
You must check that your mobile phone has a modem which must be GPRS enabled.
According to Text A, what is a quick way to visit websites you often use, instead of typing the address every time?
You can select the bookmarks option, which gives you quick access to certain websites you have already chosen and saved.
According to Text B, what are the two main stages for creating a photo album on a mobile phone?
First, create an empty folder (click on Create folder, type its name, click Save). Then fill it with pictures (open Pictures, select one or more, Copy, return to the folder, Paste).
What is the difference between the actions 'Copy' and 'Paste' in Text B?
'Copy' selects and duplicates the pictures you have chosen; 'Paste' places those copied pictures into the new empty folder.
Why does Text B say that instructions may vary slightly between mobile phones?
Because not all mobile phones follow exactly the same instructions, although the instructions on all of them are similar.

الدرس 5: Writing: A set of instructions

  • Instructions use imperative words (Go to, Click on, Select, Type, Return) because they give clear, direct commands with no subject needed.
  • A negative instruction is formed with 'Do not' (or 'Don't') + the base form of the verb, as in 'Do not forget to check...'.
  • Instructions are made clear by giving one action per step, listing steps in the correct order, using short sentences and simple words.
  • Planning a set of instructions means thinking about each step in order, and about what the reader already knows or doesn't know.
  • The Useful Language box gives ready-made instruction words: Go to, Click on / Press, Select, Type, Return to, Do not forget to.
  • After writing instructions, you should check spelling and grammar, then test them on a partner to see if anything is missing.

الزبدة: Clear instructions use the imperative form, one action per step, in the correct order. · A good writer plans instructions by imagining exactly what the reader does and does not already know. · Checking instructions with a partner, by trying to follow them, reveals missing steps that the writer cannot see alone.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
What kind of words does the writer of the texts on page 48 use to give instructions?
Imperative words — verbs in the base form with no subject, such as Go to, Click on, Start, Select, Type and Return.
How does the writer give a negative instruction on page 48?
With 'Do not' + the base form of the verb, as in 'Do not forget to check if your mobile phone has a modem which must be GPRS enabled.'
According to exercise 1c, what three things make instructions clear and easy to follow?
One action in each step, steps in the correct bulleted order, and short sentences with simple, everyday words.
What is the writing task for this lesson?
To write a set of instructions explaining to someone who has never used a mobile phone how to send a text message.
What should you think about before planning your instructions, according to exercise 2?
You should think of a real person you know (younger or older than you), what you actually do when you send a text message, and the kinds of messages that person might want to send.
What questions should you ask when you read a partner's instructions in exercise 4b?
Are the instructions clear and easy to follow? Is any information missing?

الدرس 6: Focus on: Sheikha Suad Mohammed Al-Sabah

  • Sheikha Suad Mohammed Al-Sabah was born in Kuwait in 1942, studied economics and political science in Cairo, and obtained a doctorate in economics from the United Kingdom in 1981.
  • She founded the Sheikha Suad Al-Sabah Publishing and Distribution House, published several books of poetry, and established a literary prize in her name.
  • Her poetry has been translated into many languages, including English.
  • A metaphor makes a direct identification between two things ('The king is a lion'); a simile compares two things using 'like' or 'as' ('The king is like a lion').
  • In the poem, the speaker lists things she 'could have' done or avoided, but instead 'chose to grapple with words'.

الزبدة: Sheikha Suad Mohammed Al-Sabah is a Kuwaiti poet, economist and publisher whose work has reached an international audience. · A metaphor states a direct identification between two things, while a simile makes the comparison explicit with 'like' or 'as'. · The poem shows a personal choice to face difficulty and speak out through writing, rather than avoid it.

الأسئلة المهمة (5)
When and where was Sheikha Suad Mohammed Al-Sabah born?
She was born in 1942 in Kuwait, into the ruling family.
What did Sheikha Suad Mohammed Al-Sabah study, and where?
She graduated from the Faculty of Economics and Political Sciences at Cairo University in 1973, and obtained a doctorate in economics from the United Kingdom in 1981.
What did she found after returning to Kuwait, and what else has she achieved?
She founded the Sheikha Suad Al-Sabah Publishing and Distribution House, published several books of poetry, and established a literary prize that carries her name.
What is the difference between a metaphor and a simile?
A metaphor makes a direct identification between two things ('The king is a lion'), while a simile compares two things using a word such as 'like' or 'as' ('The king is like a lion').
In the last stanza of the poem, what did the speaker choose to do instead of avoiding the pain of others?
She 'betrayed the law of the female' and 'chose to grapple with words' — that is, she chose to write and speak out rather than stay silent.

الدرس 7: Project 2: Conducting an English language survey

  • This project asks you to plan, design and carry out a survey about how important English is to other students or people in your community.
  • Stage 1: decide what you want to find out, who you will ask, and how you will record answers.
  • Stage 2: design at least eight questions, using multiple-choice, agree/disagree, several-options and/or open-ended question types.
  • Stage 3: carry out interviews, then summarise the results using percentage sentences, tables of figures, or graphs and diagrams.
  • Stage 4: present your findings to the class. Stage 5: discuss differences of opinion and the future importance of English in Kuwait.

الزبدة: A good survey starts with clear planning: what to find out, who to ask, and how to record the answers. · Different question types (multiple-choice, agree/disagree, several options, open-ended) suit different kinds of information. · Survey results can be summarised and communicated clearly using percentages, tables, and graphs or diagrams.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
What is the task of Project 2?
To plan, design and carry out a survey to find out how important English is to other students in your school or people in your community.
According to Stage 1, what three decisions must your group make before designing the survey?
What you hope to find out, who you are going to ask, and how you are going to record the answers.
According to Stage 2, what is the minimum number of questions your survey needs, and what are the four question types you can use?
A minimum of eight questions, using one or more of: multiple-choice, agree/disagree, several options, and open-ended questions.
According to Stage 3, what are the three ways given for presenting a summary of survey results?
Simple sentences using percentages, tables of figures, and graphs or diagrams.
In the example pie chart, which use of English got the highest percentage, and which got the lowest?
Work got the highest percentage (30%), and Reading got the lowest (10%).
What are the two questions you should discuss in Stage 5, after presenting your survey results?
Were there any major differences of opinion between the different groups of people interviewed? And what can you say about the future importance of English to people in Kuwait?

الوحدة 7Literature Time! — The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain

الدرس 1: Episode One

  • Huck lived with the Widow Douglas and Miss Watson, who wanted to civilise him.
  • Huck ran away because he didn't like living in a house, but Tom Sawyer made him come back.
  • At night, Tom called Huck out of the house with a cat call, and they went to the river bank to join Tom's gang.
  • The gang played at being robbers for a month but never robbed anyone, so they gave it up.
  • When Tom said they would rob rich Spanish merchants with camels and elephants, the 'merchants' turned out to be a class of children on a picnic.
  • Over the next few months, Huck went to school and learned to read, write and do simple multiplication.
  • The episode ends with Huck spilling salt, a sign of bad luck that comes true.

الزبدة: The story is told by Huck himself, in the first person, about his own adventures. · Tom Sawyer's games are based on adventure stories, not on reality – his 'robbers' and 'Spanish merchants' turn out to be ordinary life. · Huck feels torn between the comfortable but strict life at the Widow Douglas's house and the free but ordinary life with Tom's gang.

الأسئلة المهمة (8)
Who is telling the story?
Huck, the narrator, tells the story himself, in the first person.
Why did Huck run away from the Widow Douglas at first?
Because the Widow Douglas and her sister, Miss Watson, wanted to civilise him and he didn't like living in a house.
Who found Huck and made him come back?
His friend Tom Sawyer.
How did Tom Sawyer call Huck out at night?
He called from the garden, 'Mee-yow, mee-yow'.
What did Tom's gang plan to do at the river bank?
Rob people who travelled on the roads.
Why did the boys stop playing at being robbers?
Because after a month they hadn't robbed anyone, so Huck resigned and so did all the other boys.
What really happened when the gang attacked the 'Spanish merchants'?
There were no Spanish merchants, camels or elephants – there was only a class of children out on a picnic with their teacher.
What did Huck learn at school in the following months?
He learned to read and write a little, and to say the multiplication tables up to six times seven is thirty-five.

الدرس 2: Episode Two

  • Huck and Jim left Jackson's Island at night because men were planning to search it for Jim, a suspected runaway criminal.
  • They drifted peacefully down the river for several nights, passing towns and the city of St Louis, aiming for Cairo, Illinois, where Jim would be safe.
  • When two men in a boat looking for a runaway asked about the raft, Huck lied and said his sick father had smallpox, so the men backed off and even gave him money.
  • After that, Huck decided he would never give Jim up.
  • A river steamer rammed the raft one night, smashing it and separating Huck from Jim, who did not answer when Huck called his name.
  • Huck swam ashore, gave the false name George Jackson, and was taken in by the Grangerford family, who were feuding with the Shepherdson family.
  • Fighting broke out between the two families after Buck's sister Miss Sophia planned to marry a Shepherdson boy, and Huck saw terrible violence from a tree.
  • Huck escaped to the river and found that Jim had recovered and repaired the raft; the two were reunited and happily returned to rafting down the river.

الزبدة: Huck's growing loyalty to Jim shows in his choice to lie and protect him rather than hand him over. · The Grangerford-Shepherdson feud shows senseless, inherited violence that not even the families fully understand. · The raft represents freedom and safety for Huck and Jim, in contrast to the danger and violence on land.

الأسئلة المهمة (8)
Why did Huck and Jim decide to leave Jackson's Island quickly at night?
Because Huck learned that people thought Jim was a runaway criminal hiding on the island, and a group of men were planning to search it that very night.
What lie did Huck tell the two men in the boat, and why?
He said only his sick father was on the raft and that he had smallpox, so the men would be too afraid to search the raft and find Jim.
What happened to Huck and Jim's raft one night, and what did they have to do?
A river steamer rammed and smashed the raft in two, so Huck and Jim had to swim for the shore, and they were separated.
What false name did Huck give when he reached the log house?
George Jackson.
Describe Colonel Grangerford and his family.
Colonel Grangerford was the head of the family, a tall, good-looking, quiet and polite man. His son Buck had two brothers and two sisters.
Why were the Grangerfords and the Shepherdsons fighting, according to Buck?
They were fighting because of a long feud between the two families, but Buck did not know how the feud had started, even though many people from both families had been killed in it.
What event made the fighting between the two families break out again?
Miss Sophia, Buck's youngest sister, was planning to marry one of the Shepherdson boys, and this made the two families fight one another.
How did the episode end for Huck and Jim?
Huck escaped the fighting, found that Jim had fixed the raft, and the two friends were reunited, happily returning to the freedom and comfort of rafting down the river.

الدرس 3: Episode Three

  • Huck and Jim take in two con men on the run: a young man who claims to be the Duke of Bridgewater, and an old man who claims to be the exiled Dauphin, rightful King of France.
  • Huck sees through them as frauds but lets them have their way, and Jim and Huck serve them as 'Your Grace' and 'Your Majesty'.
  • The duke and king put on plays, but their real skill is fraud: the king gives a moving 'philosopher' speech at a religious meeting and collects eighty-seven dollars, while the duke sells fake newspaper subscriptions and even prints a wanted poster about Jim.
  • In an Arkansas town, they advertise a mysterious show, 'The King's Camelopard', that turns out to be the king dancing on stage painted like a rainbow — cheating the paying audience.
  • After the angry crowd plans revenge on the third night, the con men escape just in time back to the raft.
  • The duke disguises Jim as a sick man with a blue face so he can stay in the tent without being tied up, keeping people away with a sign that says 'Sick – but harmless'.

الزبدة: The 'king' and 'duke' are confidence tricksters who exploit people's trust, religion and entertainment for money. · Huck sees through their lies but chooses not to expose them, showing his practical, tolerant nature. · Twain uses the episode to satirise how easily crowds can be fooled by a confident performance.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
Who were the two men Huck and Jim rescued, and what did each claim to be?
A young man who claimed to be the Duke of Bridgewater, and an old bald man who claimed to be the exiled Dauphin and rightful King of France.
What did Huck really think of the king and the duke, and what did he decide to do about it?
Huck could see they were frauds, not real royalty, but he decided to let them think they had fooled him, since it was easier that way.
How did the king trick the people at the religious meeting in the woods?
He claimed to be a reformed philosopher who had lost his money and learned that life was more important than wealth, and moved the crowd so much that they took up a collection for him, giving him eighty-seven dollars.
What was 'The King's Camelopard', and how did it trick the audience in Arkansas?
It was a fake show advertised with a mysterious title and 'Ladies and children not admitted', but it turned out to be just the king running and dancing on stage painted like a rainbow, over in a single minute.
How did the third night's audience plan to punish the king and the duke, and how did the two men escape?
They came with rotten eggs and old cabbages in their pockets, planning to attack them, but the king and duke slipped out the back door as soon as the audience was seated and escaped downriver on the raft with Jim.
How did the duke disguise Jim, and why?
The duke dressed Jim in white robes with a white beard, painted his face blue, and put up a sign saying 'Sick – but harmless, when not out of his head', so Jim would not have to be tied up all day while the others went ashore.

الدرس 4: Episode Four

  • The king and duke hear about a rich dead man, Peter Wilks, and pretend to be his English brothers, Harvey and William, to steal his inheritance.
  • They collect information about the family from a young man they meet, and convince the town and Peter Wilks's three daughters that they are the real uncles.
  • Huck, disgusted by the fraud, secretly steals back the six thousand dollars and hides it in a box before the king and duke can run off with it.
  • Huck also warns Mary Jane, one of the daughters, that her 'uncles' are frauds, though he begs her to stay quiet a little longer.
  • The real Harvey Wilks and his brother arrive, and the confusion is only settled when Mary Jane, prompted by Huck, exposes the frauds publicly.
  • Huck escapes to the raft and reunites with the disguised Jim, but the king and duke soon catch up with them, and their tricks continue to fail as they drift further south.

الزبدة: The king and duke's fraud grows more serious: from small performances to stealing a family's entire inheritance. · Huck's conscience drives him to actively fight the fraud this time, not just watch it happen, by stealing the money back. · The truth eventually comes out because Huck secretly guides Mary Jane to expose the men, even while protecting his own and Jim's safety.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
Who did the king and duke pretend to be, and why?
They pretended to be Harvey and William Wilks, the English brothers of the recently dead Peter Wilks, in order to steal his six-thousand-dollar inheritance.
How did the king and duke learn so many details about the Wilks family?
They learned the details from a young man they met on the shore, who told them all about Peter Wilks, his brothers and his nieces, thinking the king might be Harvey Wilks.
What did Huck do when he found out the king and duke were planning to run away with the six thousand dollars?
He secretly stole the money from under the king's bed at night and hid it inside an old box of books, so the daughters would eventually get it back.
Why did Mary Jane get angry when Huck told her the truth, and what did Huck ask her to do?
She got angry and wanted to tar and feather the frauds and throw them in the river, but Huck asked her to keep quiet about it for now.
How was the fraud finally exposed?
The real Harvey Wilks and his brother arrived, and when the crowd asked Mary Jane who her real uncle was, she said she knew the truth and pointed at Huck as the one who had told her.
How did Huck escape, and what happened right after he reunited with Jim?
He ran to the riverbank, took a canoe, and paddled back to the raft, where Jim (still disguised) startled him at first; but they had barely sat down to talk when they saw the king and duke catching up with them.

الدرس 5: Episode five

  • The king and duke fight and go ashore, giving Huck the chance he needs, but he finds that Jim has been sold to a Mr Phelps for forty dollars.
  • Huck writes a letter telling Miss Watson where to find Jim, but tears it up after remembering their friendship, choosing loyalty to Jim over easy safety.
  • At the Phelps farm, Huck is mistaken for Tom Sawyer by Aunt Sally, and has to pretend to be him.
  • Huck meets the real Tom Sawyer on the road, tells him the truth about Jim, and Tom happily agrees to help rescue him.
  • Tom arrives at the farm pretending to be a stranger named William Thomson, inventing wild stories just like the king and duke used to.
  • The episode ends with Huck and Tom secretly watching the king and the duke being tarred, feathered and driven out of town for their frauds.

الزبدة: Huck's decision to tear up the letter is the moral turning point of the whole novel: he chooses friendship and conscience over what society expects of him. · The mistaken identity with Tom Sawyer shows how coincidence and misunderstanding can create both danger and comedy in the story. · The king and duke's punishment (tar and feathering) shows that their long run of frauds finally catches up with them.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
What happened to Jim while Huck was away, and for how much was he sold?
An old bald man (the king) sold Jim as a servant to Mr Phelps for forty dollars.
What did Huck's letter to Miss Watson say, and why did he tear it up?
It said that her runaway servant Jim was at Pikesville and that Mr Phelps would return him for the reward. Huck tore it up because he remembered Jim's loyalty and friendship and could not bear to turn him in.
Who did Aunt Sally mistake Huck for, and why?
She mistook him for Tom Sawyer, the son of family friends, because she had been expecting Tom to arrive by steamer.
What did Huck tell the real Tom Sawyer, and how did Tom react?
Huck told Tom that Miss Watson's Jim was there and that he was trying to steal him and set him free. Tom's eyes lit up and he happily agreed to help rescue Jim.
What false identity did Tom use at the Phelps farm, and what did he do with it?
He pretended to be William Thomson of Hicksville, Ohio, and invented a whole lot of wild, fantastical stories about his family there.
What finally happened to the king and the duke at the end of the episode?
They were caught, covered in tar and feathers, tied onto poles, and driven out of town by an angry crowd.

الدرس 6: Episode Six

  • Tom insists on rescuing Jim in an unnecessarily complicated way, 'properly, like in the books', digging with dinner knives, smuggling in a diary and even spiders, instead of the simple methods Huck suggests.
  • After weeks of preparation, Tom sends an anonymous warning letter that brings armed farmers to the farm; Huck decides they must free Jim early, and the escape succeeds, though Tom twists his ankle while running away.
  • A kind doctor treats Tom and later defends Jim to the angry farmers, praising Jim for helping nurse Tom even though it risked Jim's own freedom.
  • Tom reveals the twist: Miss Watson died two months earlier and freed Jim in her will, so the whole dangerous rescue was unnecessary — Tom just wanted 'the adventure of it'.
  • The story ends happily: Aunt Polly arrives and reveals Huck's and Tom's true identities, Jim is rewarded with forty dollars, and Huck plans to run away again rather than be 'civilised' by Aunt Sally — 'THE END, YOURS TRULY, HUCK FINN'.

الزبدة: Tom's insistence on doing everything 'like in the books' is a running joke that shows the difference between his romantic ideas of adventure and Huck's practical concern for Jim's real safety. · The revelation that Jim was already free adds a bittersweet irony: all the danger and hardship Jim endured (spiders, chains, an armed chase) was for an adventure Tom wanted, not a real necessity. · The doctor's speech and Jim's reward show a moment of genuine respect for Jim's character, even within a story that still treats him unequally in other ways. · Huck's final words ('I think I'll run away again... I can't stand it') return to the novel's opening theme: Huck's resistance to being 'civilised' and his preference for freedom.

الأسئلة المهمة (5)
Why did Tom insist on digging the hole with dinner knives instead of picks and shovels?
Because using ordinary tools was 'too easy' and too simple for Tom Sawyer, who wanted the rescue to follow the same difficult methods used by prisoners in the adventure books he had read.
Why did Tom write and send an anonymous warning letter, even though it made the rescue more dangerous?
Because that is what happens in the adventure stories Tom had read; warning the family added drama and danger to the rescue, which was exactly what Tom wanted.
What happened to Tom during the escape, and who helped him?
Tom twisted his ankle while running away; Jim gave up his own freedom to stay and help the doctor nurse Tom back to health.
What surprising fact does Tom reveal about Jim near the end of the story?
Tom reveals that Miss Watson died two months earlier and had freed Jim in her will, meaning Jim had already been a free man throughout the entire complicated rescue.
How does the story end for Huck, and what does this tell us about his character?
Aunt Sally wants to adopt and 'civilise' Huck, but Huck says he thinks he'll run away again because he has been civilised before and cannot stand it; this shows Huck values his freedom above comfort and social respectability.

كتاب الطالب· Student's Book

الوحدة 1Unit 1 The Law

الدرس 1: The Law

  • Enforce means put into practice / carry out.
  • Guilty and innocent have opposite meanings in the matching activity.
  • The printed passage says Kuwaiti laws protect individual rights.
  • The passage links the law with the teachings of the Holy Qur’an.

الزبدة: Use the printed evidence to support reading answers. · An opinion needs a reason; a listening answer needs the original recording.

الأسئلة المهمة (5)
What does govern mean in the matching activity?
Control.
What is a jury in the printed definition?
A group of people in court who decide whether someone is guilty.
What do Kuwaiti laws protect, according to the passage?
The individual rights of the people living there.
Who appoints judges in the regular courts, according to the passage?
The Emir, in consultation with the Justice Ministry.
What kind of society does the passage describe as its aim?
A safe, just and tolerant society.

الدرس 2: Grammar

  • The simple form can emphasise a completed result.
  • The continuous form can emphasise activity and duration.
  • For introduces a period; since introduces a starting point.
  • Whereas and but can connect contrasting clauses.
  • Instead of is followed by an ing form in the printed model.

الزبدة: Read the verb form together with its time expression. · Name the two ideas before choosing a connector.

الأسئلة المهمة (5)
What does Lamia has written two essays emphasise?
A completed result: two essays.
Does Lamia has been writing an essay all morning state that it is finished?
No. It emphasises the activity and its duration.
Which printed expression gives a starting point?
since I was 13
What is compared in sentence 3b?
The legal profession and other careers, in relation to stress.
What form follows instead of in the printed model?
The ing form prosecuting.

الدرس 3: Vocabulary

  • Context helps you choose between meanings of the same word.
  • Judge can name an official or mean form an opinion.
  • Sentence can refer to a court’s punishment or a group of words.
  • The glossary separates different parts of speech and meanings.
  • The adjective forms are violent, chaotic, legal, innocent and guilty.

الزبدة: Do not assign a meaning without reading the surrounding words. · A related noun and adjective have different grammatical jobs.

الأسئلة المهمة (5)
What does judge mean in You shouldn’t judge a book by its cover?
To form an opinion about something.
What does case mean in I packed my belongings into a case?
A container in which clothes and other belongings may be stored.
What does brief mean in It was a brief holiday?
Of short duration.
What are the three parts of speech listed for mean?
Verb, adjective and noun.
Which adjectives complete the final sentence pair?
Innocent and guilty: he was innocent; he was not guilty.

الدرس 4: Reading Legal disputes

  • The essay presents background, arguments against, arguments for, and the writer’s view.
  • Opponents connect petty cases with a culture of blame and crowded courts.
  • Supporters emphasise protection from criminal neglect and accountability.
  • The writer wants courts to be a last resort for everyday grievances.

الزبدة: Separate each reported viewpoint from the writer’s conclusion. · Support agreement or disagreement with a reason from the essay.

الأسئلة المهمة (5)
What are the arguments for more court cases?
Supporters say more cases show courts are working, protect people from criminal neglect, and let people hold others accountable.
What are the arguments against?
They reflect a culture of blame; petty grievances clog up courts and prevent prosecutions against real criminals.
What is meant by a culture of blame?
People search for someone to blame for accidents instead of taking responsibility themselves.
What is the writer’s conclusion?
Minor issues should not hinder the legal system; courts should be the last resort for everyday grievances.
What purpose does the Yorkshire example serve?
It supplies background and illustrates a dispute that may take months and cost both neighbours money.

الدرس 5: Writing

  • Answer the specific question about banning motorists who drive too fast in residential areas.
  • Plan background, arguments for, arguments against, and your opinion.
  • Write 200-220 words clearly and simply.
  • Check language and use the three peer-review questions.

الزبدة: A clear opinion needs supporting reasons and attention to both sides. · Planning, writing and checking are parts of the same task.

الأسئلة المهمة (5)
What question must the essay answer?
Should motorists who drive too fast in residential areas be banned from driving?
What are the four paragraph purposes?
Background to the topic; arguments for; arguments against; your opinion.
How long should the essay be?
200-220 words.
What should you check before exchanging essays?
Spelling, grammar and punctuation.
What should the peer-review questions establish?
Whether the question is fully answered, both sides are presented, and the writer’s own opinion is clear.

كتاب التمارين· Workbook

الوحدة 1Unit 1 — The Science of Nutrition

الدرس 1: Grammar Support 1

  • The present simple is used for five reasons: fact, habit, stative verb, verbs of sensing, fixed events.
  • A third-person singular subject takes a verb with -s/-es; with a plural subject the verb stays in its base form.
  • The negative: does not + base verb with a singular subject, do not + base verb with a plural subject.
  • The adverb of frequency comes before the main verb and after the verb (be).
  • A full answer to a Do/Does question starts with Yes/No + do/does and then repeats the sentence.
  • The advice pattern in the book: a negative imperative + a positive imperative with an adverb of frequency.

الزبدة: Before you write the verb, look at the subject: singular or plural? That one look settles most present simple questions. · The place of the adverb of frequency is fixed: before the main verb, and after the verb (be). · The reason for using the present simple is known from a clue in the sentence: a word of repetition, a scientific fact, a verb of sensing, or a fixed time.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
When do we add -s/-es to the verb in the present simple?
When the subject is third-person singular (he, she, it, or a singular name such as Ali). With a plural subject we add nothing.
Where is the adverb of frequency placed, according to the Remember box?
Before the main verb and after the verb (be): He always checks his phone / He is always busy.
Name the five reasons for using the present simple as they appear in the matching task.
fact (a general truth), habit (a repeated action), stative verb, verbs of sensing, fixed events (things fixed on a timetable).
Why is the present simple used in “I have a Pilates class at ten o’clock tomorrow morning”, although the sentence is about tomorrow?
Because it is a fixed event on a timetable, and the present simple is used for fixed future arrangements. Also, have here is a stative verb.
How do you write a full answer to “Do lions live in groups called prides?”
Yes, they do. Lions live in groups called prides. We start with Yes/No and the do/does that matches the subject, and then we say the whole sentence.
What is the structure of the advice given in the solved example in the book?
A negative imperative and then a positive imperative with an adverb of frequency: “Don’t panic and always schedule your studying time.”

الدرس 2: Vocabulary Support 1

  • The word search vocabulary: attitude, bestow, consume, notable, nutrition, prioritise, routinely, stimulate, urge.
  • The gap-fill answers: pledge, swap, resist, nutritious, portion; the word affordable is extra and is not used.
  • aroma = a pleasant smell, preservatives = substances that prevent decay, soak = to put in liquid, filling = making you feel full.
  • In a gap-fill, look at the position of the gap grammatically: a noun after made, a base verb after could not, an adjective before a noun.
  • In a matching task, look for the key word in the definition: smell, decaying, liquid, full.
  • The writing challenge: gather as many words as you can into one sentence while the meaning stays clear.

الزبدة: The grammatical position of the gap tells you the kind of word you need before you even think about its meaning. · A word list may contain an extra word that is not used, and noticing it is part of the answer. · Every English definition carries one key word, and that word is enough for a correct match.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
What are the answers to the gap-fill task on the Vocabulary Support 1 page?
1. pledge — 2. swap — 3. resist — 4. nutritious — 5. portion. The word affordable is extra and is not used.
Define the four words of the matching task as they are given in the book.
aroma = a pleasant smell that is easy to notice. preservatives = a substance used to prevent food or wood from decaying. soak = to put something in liquid for a time so that it becomes completely wet. filling = (of food) making your stomach feel full.
Why do we choose pledge and not promise in the first sentence?
Because the gap comes after made and needs a noun, and pledge is a noun that means a serious promise; it is also one of the words in the given list.
What do prioritise and routinely mean?
prioritise = to give the greatest importance to one thing before others. routinely = regularly, as part of a normal, repeated routine.
Write one sentence that uses as many words from the page as possible.
The book’s model: “I prioritise my nutrition by consuming healthy, filling foods.” A longer model: “I made a pledge to prioritise nutritious meals and to consume fewer foods full of preservatives.”
What is the difference between consume and bestow?
consume means to eat or use something up, while bestow means to give something to somebody as a gift or an honour.

الدرس 3: Writing Mechanics: Run-On Sentences

  • A run-on sentence: two or three complete sentences joined with no correct punctuation and no linker.
  • The three ways of correcting it: a full stop, or a linker, or a full stop + a linker with a capital letter + a comma.
  • Linkers for adding ideas: Furthermore, Also, Moreover.
  • Linkers for showing results: So, Therefore, Consequently.
  • Linkers for conclusions: In summary, Ultimately, To conclude.
  • A sentence with three ideas needs two linkers: an adding linker, then a result or a conclusion linker.

الزبدة: Every complete sentence needs a clear separation from the one after it: a full stop, a linker, or a semicolon. · A linker at the beginning of a sentence is written with a capital letter and is followed by a comma. · The choice of linker follows the function of the meaning: adding, result, or conclusion.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
Define a run-on sentence as the book defines it.
A run-on sentence happens when two or three complete sentences are joined incorrectly without correct punctuation or a linker.
Give the three ways of correcting a run-on sentence, with an example of each.
1) With a full stop: My phone battery was low. I charged it. 2) With a linker: My phone battery was low, so I charged it. 3) With a full stop + a linker + a comma: My phone battery was low. Therefore, I charged it.
Which of the four sentences in the first task is a run-on sentence, and why?
Sentence (b) “I studied hard I want to pass the exam”, because it joins two complete sentences with no punctuation mark and no linker, while (a) has a full stop, (c) has a semicolon, and (d) has the linker because.
Sort the three groups of linkers in the word bank.
Furthermore/Also/Moreover = Adding Ideas. So/Therefore/Consequently = Showing Results. In summary/Ultimately/To conclude = Conclusions.
Rewrite: “Clear communication helps people work together successfully ultimately it leads to stronger relationships.”
Clear communication helps people work together successfully. Ultimately, it leads to stronger relationships.
How many linkers do you need to correct a sentence with three ideas? Give an example.
You need two linkers: “Teamwork teaches us to listen. Also, it helps us share ideas. Ultimately, it builds good communication skills.”

الدرس 4: Grammar Support 2

  • The present continuous = subject + am/is/are + verb + ing.
  • The verb to be matches the subject: I = am, He/She/It = is, We/You/They = are.
  • The negative: am/is/are + not + verb + ing; the question puts the verb to be first.
  • Time signals: now, today, at the moment, Look!, Be careful!
  • The order of adjectives: Opinion, Size, Age, Shape, Colour, Origin, Material, Purpose.
  • A solved example: a square black leather bag (Shape → Colour → Material).

الزبدة: The most common mistake in the present continuous is in the verb to be, not in the main verb. · One time word in the sentence is enough to decide which tense is required. · The order of adjectives in English is fixed and does not follow personal taste.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
What is the rule for forming the present continuous?
Subject + am/is/are (according to the subject) + the main verb + ing. Example: My friend is waiting for me outside now.
Correct: “They am playing padel in the court now.”
They are playing padel in the court now, because the subject is plural, so it takes are.
Which words point to the present continuous in the tasks on this page?
now, today, at the moment, as well as Look! and Be careful! at the beginning of a sentence.
Give the full order of adjectives as the rule states it.
Opinion → Size → Age → Shape → Colour → Origin → Material → Purpose → the noun.
Order the adjectives: a (leather/black/square) bag.
a square black leather bag: shape, then colour, then material.
How do you form a question in the present continuous about a picture?
Question word + am/is/are + subject + verb + ing? Example: What is the woman cooking? Or with no question word for a yes/no question: Are the children riding their bikes?

الدرس 5: Vocabulary Support 2

  • The Language Lab has four challenges with points: Codebreaker, Lexicon Lockdown, Word Lab, and Decode, Describe, Deliver.
  • The code of the endings: -able/-ing adjective, -ation/-ment noun, -ly adverb, -ise/-ate verb.
  • The answers to the paragraph: decade, sustainable, legumes, overlook, stroll; the word biological is extra.
  • The word-family table: effect/affect/effective/effectively — person/personalise/personalised/personally — organisation/organise/organisational/organisationally — assignment/assign/assigned/No Adverb.
  • effect is a noun and affect is a verb, and that is the most famous mistake in this area.
  • When you describe the picture, write one sentence for each required word instead of squeezing them into one sentence.

الزبدة: The ending of a word reveals its part of speech before you even know its meaning. · A context clue (an example or a list) decides the missing word in the gap. · A word family is built on one root whose ending changes with the position of the word in the sentence.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
What is the part of speech of inflammation, and what does it mean?
It is a noun, and the Glossary of the Student’s Book defines it as “a condition in which a part of the body becomes red, painful and swollen (= larger than normal)”. The ending -ation shows that it is a noun.
Complete the paragraph: “Over the past ______, people have become more interested in living a/an ______ lifestyle.”
decade, then sustainable: over the past ten years people have become more interested in living a sustainable lifestyle.
What is the difference between affect and effect?
affect is a verb that means to have an influence on something, and effect is a noun that means the result. Example: Sleep affects memory / Sleep has an effect on memory.
Complete the table row: organisation | ______ | ______ | organisationally
organise (verb) and organisational (adjective).
Why has the book written “No Adverb” in the assign row?
Because the verb assign has no adverb form; it has only the noun assignment and the adjective assigned.
Which word in the Lexicon Lockdown list is extra?
The word biological; the list has six words and there are only five gaps.

الدرس 6: Summary-making

  • The steps of summarising: identify the key ideas, keep the meaning with synonyms, use linkers and punctuation, remove what is unnecessary.
  • The main idea of the text: a sandstorm is a strong wind that carries sand and dust and happens in dry places.
  • The safety advice: drivers slow down, students stay indoors and close the windows, and people wear a mask and glasses.
  • A good AI prompt names: the task, the length, what to keep, what to remove, and the style.
  • Improving a machine summary has three parts: punctuation + linkers + the missing details.
  • The self-assessment checklist has five points to check your summary with before you hand it in.

الزبدة: A summary is not random shortening; it keeps the main idea and removes the rest while keeping the meaning. · Artificial intelligence is a helping tool; the skill required from you is improving its output, not copying it. · A clear prompt gives a clear result: the more exactly you specify, the more accurate the summary.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
Give the four steps for writing a summary as they appear in the book.
Identify the key ideas. Keep the meaning of the original text, using synonyms where possible. Use linkers and their correct punctuation to avoid run-on sentences. Remove unnecessary ideas, examples, and opinions.
What is the definition of a sandstorm in the text?
A sandstorm is a strong wind that carries sand and dust through the air. It usually happens in dry places, especially deserts.
Write a clear prompt for summarising the text.
Summarise the following passage about sandstorms in four to five clear sentences. Keep the main idea and the safety advice, remove examples and repeated details, use linkers such as ‘therefore’ and ‘furthermore’, and use correct punctuation with no run-on sentences.
Correct: “The sky becomes yellow or brown people cannot see clearly.”
The sky becomes yellow or brown; consequently, people cannot see clearly. Or: The sky becomes yellow or brown. Therefore, people cannot see clearly.
Which important details did the AI summary leave out?
That it happens especially in deserts, that students should close the windows, that glasses protect the face together with a mask, that it also covers the trees, and that it may last for several hours.
What are the items of the self-assessment checklist at the end of the activity?
Including the main idea, removing unnecessary details, using correct punctuation, adding suitable linkers, and not changing the meaning.

الدرس 7: Expository Writing

  • The task: an expository essay of no fewer than 12 sentences (120–140 words) on the physical and academic benefits of mindful eating.
  • The structure: introduction, body paragraph 1 (topic sentence + two details), body paragraph 2 (topic sentence + two details), conclusion.
  • An expository essay explains with facts and reasons, not with an opinion.
  • Share out the sentences: 2–3 for the introduction, 4 for each body paragraph, 2 for the conclusion.
  • The Peer Check criteria: clarity, organisation, and vocabulary (at least two words about health or performance).
  • The lined page “Write Your Topic Here” is for the final version after correction.

الزبدة: Planning before writing saves time and keeps the paragraphs balanced. · The topic sentence carries the idea of the paragraph, and the two details explain it; they do not repeat it. · Punctuation and linkers are part of the organisation mark, not an extra decoration.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
What is the length condition for the Mindful Eating essay?
No fewer than 12 sentences, that is about 120 to 140 words.
Name the four parts of the essay outline as they appear in the book.
I. Introduction — II. Body Paragraph 1 (Topic Sentence + Supporting Detail 1 + Supporting Detail 2) — III. Body Paragraph 2 (with the same structure) — IV. Conclusion.
What idea does the Writing Prompt start from?
That many students underestimate the direct connection between what they eat and how they perform in the classroom, and that they rush through their meals while distracted by their devices.
What are the three Peer Check criteria?
Clarity: is it clear what mindful eating is? Organisation: does it follow the introduction, body and conclusion structure? Vocabulary: were at least two words related to health or academic performance used?
Write a suitable topic sentence for the academic-benefits paragraph.
Second, mindful eating has a clear effect on academic performance. Then you support it with two details about concentration and exam performance.
What is the difference between an expository essay and an argumentative essay in this activity?
The expository essay explains and gives reasons with facts, while the argumentative essay defends an opinion and tries to persuade the reader. What is required here is the first one.

الدرس 8: Can-Do Unit Checkpoint

  • The vocabulary checkpoint: 5 multiple-choice questions (swapped, malnutrition, chemically, affordable, aroma) and 5 gaps (soak, hurdle, notable, assign, tempting) with one extra word, portion.
  • The vocabulary tips: read the whole sentence, look for the signal words, read all the choices, cross out, then try.
  • The grammar checkpoint: the present simple with adverbs of frequency, the present continuous, the order of adjectives, and transformation questions.
  • The clue words: usually/every morning for the present simple, and now/Look! for the present continuous; and need is a stative verb that is not used in the continuous.
  • The STAR strategy for reference words: Spot, then Tell, then Ask, then Review.
  • The reading text is about a free little library that shows how a small idea can make a big difference in a community.

الزبدة: Vocabulary questions are answered from the context, not from memorising alone. · One time word decides the choice between the present simple and the present continuous. · The reference of a pronoun is checked by putting the noun in place of the pronoun and reading the sentence.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
What are the answers to vocabulary questions 1 to 5 in the unit checkpoint?
1. swapped — 2. malnutrition — 3. chemically — 4. affordable — 5. aroma.
Give three of the book’s tips for answering vocabulary questions.
Read the whole sentence before you look at the choices; look for the signal words such as because, but and for example; cross out what does not fit the meaning or the grammar and then try the remaining choices in the sentence.
Why is the answer need and not are needing in “Public gardens usually ______ regular maintenance”?
Because need is a stative verb that is not used in the present continuous, and because usually points to the present simple.
Turn into a question: “Environmentalists are trying to reduce the amount of plastic we use every day.”
What are environmentalists trying to do? We keep the same tense of the sentence (the present continuous) when we form the question.
What are the steps of the STAR strategy and what does each step do?
Spot: spot the pronoun or the reference word. Tell: tell who or what it points to. Ask: check that the meaning makes sense with this noun. Review: go back to the previous sentence when you are in doubt.
What does the word “them” in the eighth line of the little library text refer to?
It refers to the short reviews: “others write short reviews on paper and pin them to the door”.

الوحدة 2Unit 2 — Choices & Change

الدرس 1: Grammar Support 1

  • The present perfect simple: have/has + the third form, for an action that began in the past and still affects the present.
  • The time words: just and lately (how recently), already and yet (did it happen), since and for (how long).
  • just and already come between the auxiliary and the third form, yet comes at the end of negatives and questions, and lately at the end of the sentence.
  • since goes with a point in time (since 1980), and for goes with a length of time (for 10 years).
  • A singular subject takes has and a plural subject takes have.
  • The two most common mistakes: the auxiliary does not match the subject, and the verb is left in the base form instead of the third form.

الزبدة: The time word in the sentence reveals the tense required before anything else does. · The present perfect links the past with the present, so it is not used with a finished, specified past time. · Correcting a present perfect sentence always starts with the auxiliary and then the form of the verb.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
When do we use the present perfect simple, as the book defines it?
To talk about actions or experiences that began in the past and continue to affect the present.
What are the three questions the time words answer, and what are the words of each question?
How recently? ← just, lately. Did it happen? ← already, yet. How long? ← since, for.
Rearrange: “has / my family / since / lived / in this area / 1980”
My family has lived in this area since 1980.
Correct: “The artists has not finish their paintings for the competition yet.”
The artists have not finished their paintings for the competition yet. (has → have, because the subject is plural, and finish → finished as the third form.)
Write a question for the answer: “My mother has already cooked a delicious meal.”
What has your mother already cooked? Or: Has your mother cooked the meal yet?
What is the difference between since and for in use?
since is followed by a starting point in time (since 1980, since Monday), and for is followed by a length of time (for 10 years, for two hours).

الدرس 2: Vocabulary Support 1

  • second-hand = not new, unplug = to take the plug out, wind turbine = a tower with blades that produces power, entirely = completely.
  • The answers to the gaps: injured, power grid, concept, reusable, unnecessary; and converted is the extra word.
  • The power family: power / power / powerful / powerfully.
  • The decide family: decision / decide / decisive / decisively.
  • The alternative family: alternative / alternate / alternative / alternatively.
  • Some words work as more than one part of speech, and the context is what decides the part of speech.

الزبدة: The grammatical position of the gap decides the part of speech before the meaning does. · The key word inside a definition is enough to settle the matching. · One word family gives you four forms that you use according to the position in the sentence.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
Define: second-hand, unplug, wind turbine and entirely.
second-hand = not new; owned by somebody else before. unplug = to take the plug of a piece of equipment out of the place connected to an electricity supply. wind turbine = a tall structure with blades that are blown around and produce power. entirely = in every way possible; completely.
What are the answers to the gap-fill task, and which word is extra?
injured — power grid — concept — reusable — unnecessary. The extra word is converted.
Complete the word family: ______ | decide | decisive | decisively
decision (the noun).
Why is the word alternative repeated twice in the word-family list?
Because it is used as a noun (an alternative) and as an adjective (alternative energy) in the same form.
What do expertise and ambitious mean?
expertise = deep, specialised knowledge or skill. ambitious = having big aims that need great effort.
Write one sentence describing the picture using two of the words in the list.
The engineers have the expertise to tailor an ideal energy plan for the new building.

الدرس 3: Writing Mechanics: Capitalisation

  • Capitalisation: writing the first letter of a word in upper case; it makes writing clear, accurate and professional.
  • The rules: the first word of a sentence, people’s names, institutions, nationalities and languages, titles before names.
  • And also: the pronoun I, place names, acronyms, days and months and holidays, and the first word of a quote.
  • All the letters of an acronym are capital (KISR), and the capital letter in a quote follows the quotation mark.
  • The corrected paragraph: Last Tuesday, Dr Salem … Kuwait University … Shagaya Renewable Energy Park … He … KISR.
  • Scan the paragraph in stages: sentence beginnings, then people, then places, then days, then acronyms, then the pronoun I.

الزبدة: A capital letter is a grammatical mark that carries meaning, not just a nice shape. · Every capital letter in correct writing has a rule that explains it. · Scanning in stages uncovers more mistakes than one general reading.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
Define capitalisation as the book defines it, and say what it is good for.
It is writing the first letter of a word in upper case (A, B, C…), and using it correctly makes your writing clear, accurate and professional.
Give five of the capitalisation rules with an example of each.
The first word of a sentence (The project…), people’s names (Ahmed), institutions (Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research), titles before names (Dr Khaled), days, months and holidays (Friday, March, National Day).
Correct: “last tuesday, dr salem gave a talk at kuwait university.”
Last Tuesday, Dr Salem gave a talk at Kuwait University. (first word, day, title, person’s name, institution and place).
How are acronyms such as KISR and GCC written?
In capital letters all through, not with the first letter only, because they are short forms of the names of institutions.
Where does the capital letter come in a quotation?
On the first word inside the quote, directly after the quotation mark: The teacher said, “Sustainability is the future.”
Write one sentence that brings together three capitalisation rules and name them.
On National Day, my family and I visit the Kuwait Towers. The rules: a public holiday, the pronoun I, and a place name (as well as the first word of the sentence).

الدرس 4: Grammar Support 2

  • The first conditional talks about real and possible future situations: if the condition is met, the result follows.
  • The structure: If + present simple, then a modal verb + the base form, and will is never used inside the if-clause.
  • will = a certain result (certainly, surely).
  • can = ability, may = an uncertain possibility, should = advice.
  • The clue words in the text are the key to choosing the modal verb.
  • A comma is put after the if-clause when it comes first in the sentence.

الزبدة: The first conditional describes a possible future, not an impossible one. · Choosing the modal verb is a matter of meaning, not a matter of form. · The clue word in the sentence settles the modal verb before you even think.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
When do we use the first conditional, as the book defines it?
To talk about real and possible future situations: if the condition is met, a result follows, and the condition may be possible, uncertain, or a piece of advice.
What is the structure of a first conditional sentence?
If + subject + a verb in the present simple, then a comma, then subject + a modal verb (will/can/may/should) + the base form. will is never used inside the if-clause.
Which modal verb fits in “If the players train hard, they ______ surely win the championship”, and why?
will; because the word surely shows a certain result.
Which modal verb fits in “If he asks his parents politely, they ______ approve”, and why?
may; because the approval is possible but not certain, so it is a possibility.
Why did we choose should in the advice of Reem’s father?
Because the context says “Reem’s father advised her”, and the word advised is a clear clue for advice, whose modal verb is should.
Write a first conditional sentence for the chain: rain → umbrella.
If it rains tomorrow, you should take an umbrella. (advice)

الدرس 5: Vocabulary Support 2

  • strict = severe (adjective), decompose = to break down naturally (verb), incineration = burning waste (noun), densely = closely together (adverb).
  • The unscrambling: dispose of, tablet, bury, antique.
  • The crossword answers across: enormous, manufacture, outlive.
  • The crossword answers down: eventually, regard, seldom.
  • In unscrambling, start with the picture and then count the letters.
  • In the crossword, work by the crossings: every correct letter opens another word.

الزبدة: The picture and the number of letters are two clues that settle any vocabulary puzzle. · A synonym and an antonym must match the part of speech required (verb, adjective, adverb). · The sentence you write must show the meaning of the word, not merely contain it.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
What is the part of speech of incineration, and what does it mean?
It is a noun, and it means destroying waste by burning it. The ending -ation shows that it is a noun.
Unscramble the letters: dpiosse fo and atqunie.
dispose of (to throw something away) and antique (an old, often valuable object).
What is the synonym for build in the crossword?
manufacture; it is the word that begins with the letter m printed in the grid.
What is the antonym for always in the crossword?
seldom; it is the word that begins with the letter s printed in the grid.
Write a sentence with upcycling and make over that shows the meaning.
Upcycling means you can make over an old blanket into a warm winter jacket instead of throwing it away.
What does decompose mean, and why is it important in an environment unit?
To decay and break down naturally. It is important because buried waste may take hundreds of years to decompose.

الدرس 6: Summary-making

  • The four steps of summarising: find the main and supporting ideas, remove the examples and repetition, use your own words, and use linkers.
  • The main idea of the text: colour affects the way people feel, think and decide more than they realise.
  • Warm colours (red and orange) increase energy, excitement and alertness, so restaurants and shops use them.
  • Cool colours (blue and green) give calm and focus, so they are used in hospitals, schools and offices.
  • Colour affects the selling of products, and that is why companies choose their brand colours carefully.
  • The judgements on the summaries: A the main idea is missing, B copied too much from the original, and C clear and accurate.
  • The Summary Assessment Checklist has six items, the last of which is writing four to five sentences.

الزبدة: A good summary brings three conditions together: a main idea, your own wording, and the removal of examples and repetition. · Copying sentences word for word from the text is not summarising, however correct they are. · Judging somebody else’s summary teaches you exactly the criteria by which your own summary is marked.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
Give the four steps for writing a summary as they appear in the book.
Find the main and supporting ideas of the text. Remove examples and repeated information. Use your own words where possible. Use linkers to connect your sentences smoothly.
What is the main idea of the Colour Psychology text?
Colour affects people more than they realise: it influences the way people feel, think, and make decisions.
Compare the effect of warm colours with the effect of cool colours as the text gives them.
Warm colours (red, orange) increase energy, create excitement and make people more alert, so restaurants and shops use them. Cool colours (blue, green) have the opposite effect: they help people feel calm and focused, so hospitals, schools and offices use them.
Why is Summary A judged as “the main idea is missing”?
Because it lists only correct details and examples (warm and cool colours, restaurants and hospitals), and it never says that colour influences the way people feel, think and make decisions.
Why is Summary B judged as “copied too much from the original text”?
Because its sentences are taken word for word from the original paragraph without being rewritten in the student’s own words, and its length is close to the length of the text itself.
What are the six items of the Summary Assessment Checklist?
I included the main idea. I removed unnecessary details. I used correct punctuation. I added suitable linkers. I did not change the meaning. I wrote four to five sentences.

الدرس 7: Expository Writing

  • The task: an expository essay of no fewer than 12 sentences (about 120–140 words) about protecting the environment inside and outside the home.
  • The activity opens with a verse from Surah Hud (11:61) about being settled on the earth to build and care for it.
  • The structure: introduction, body paragraph 1 (inside the home), body paragraph 2 (outside the home), conclusion.
  • Each body paragraph = a topic sentence + two supporting details.
  • An expository essay explains with facts and reasons, not with an opinion.
  • The suggested division of sentences: 2–3 for the introduction, 4 for each body paragraph, 2 for the conclusion.
  • The Self Check has five items, the last of which is checking capitalisation, punctuation and spelling with AI.

الزبدة: The division imposed by the question (inside the home / outside it) is the map of the two paragraphs, and breaking it loses the organisation mark. · The topic sentence carries the idea of the paragraph, and the two details explain it; they do not repeat it. · Artificial intelligence is a proofreader at the last stage, not a writer in your place.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
What exactly does the Habits for a Better World activity ask for?
Plan and write an expository essay of no fewer than 12 sentences (around 120-140 words), explaining the changes teenagers can make inside their homes and the choices they can make outside their homes to protect the environment.
What is the structure of the essay in the book’s outline?
I. Introduction. II. Body Paragraph 1: Topic Sentence + Supporting Detail 1 + Supporting Detail 2. III. Body Paragraph 2: Topic Sentence + Supporting Detail 1 + Supporting Detail 2. IV. Conclusion.
Which verse does the book open this activity with, and what does it mean in the context of the topic?
«هُوَ أَنشَأَكُم مِّنَ الْأَرْضِ وَاسْتَعْمَرَكُمْ فِيهَا» (Surah Hud, 11:61), translated in the workbook as “... He has produced you from the earth and settled you therein...”. It means that God created human beings from the earth and charged them with building it and caring for it, so protecting the environment is a duty and not merely a good habit.
What is the first paragraph about, and what is the second paragraph about?
Body 1 focuses on habits inside the home; Body 2 focuses on choices made outside the home.
Give the five items of the Self Check on the post-writing page.
My introduction clearly previews both body paragraphs. Body 1 focuses on habits inside the home. Body 2 focuses on choices made outside the home. My conclusion restates the main idea and ends with a final thought. I have checked capitalisation, punctuation, and spelling using AI.
What is the difference between an expository essay and an argumentative essay?
An expository essay explains and makes clear with facts and reasons, while an argumentative essay persuades the reader of the writer’s opinion. What is required here is explaining, not persuading.

الدرس 8: Can-Do Unit Checkpoint

  • The vocabulary answers (multiple choice): ecosystem, ambitious, awareness, convert, landfill.
  • The vocabulary answers (gaps): directly, vacant, emission, combination, flowing — and the extra word is seldom.
  • The vocabulary tips: read the whole sentence, look for the clue words, read all the choices, eliminate, then try.
  • The grammar answers 1–5: have worked, has expanded, for, should, is.
  • The grammar answers 6–10: have not planted, have already opened, may, can, studies.
  • since takes a point in time and for takes a length of time, yet comes at the end of a negative, and no will after if.
  • SEARCH: Scan, Examine, Ask, Repeat, Check, Headline.
  • The reading answers: 1) d, 2) c, 3) b — and the main idea is at the beginning and the end of the text.

الزبدة: The clue word in the sentence (into, never stops moving, since, lately, if) settles the answer before you look at the choices. · The modal verb is chosen by meaning, not by memorising: certainty, possibility, ability, or advice. · The main idea is a general sentence that covers the whole text, and a supporting detail is a part of it, not a substitute for it.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
Give the book’s five tips for answering multiple-choice vocabulary questions.
Read the whole sentence first; do not jump to the choices. Look for clue words: that is, or, but, for example, because. Read all answer choices, even if one looks right at first. Eliminate answers that do not fit the sentence meaning or grammar. Substitute each remaining choice into the sentence to see which sounds correct and natural.
Which word in the gap-fill list is extra, and why?
The extra word is seldom, because the five gaps are filled by directly, vacant, emission, combination and flowing, and there is no gap that carries the meaning “rarely”.
Explain why we use for with “two weeks” and not since.
Because for comes before a length of time (two weeks), while since comes before a definite point in time such as since 2002.
Why was the answer may in question 8 and can in question 9?
Because question 8 begins with “I am not sure”, so it is an uncertain possibility and may fits it, while question 9 is about the technician’s ability to repair the computer, so can fits it.
Give the six steps of the SEARCH strategy with their meanings.
Scan: read the whole passage quickly. Examine: read the first and last sentences of paragraphs. Ask: “What is this about?” — name the topic. Repeat: look for repeated words or ideas. Check: check supporting details (reasons, examples, results). Headline: put it in one short sentence (topic + main point).
What is the main idea of the community gardens text, and where do you find it?
Community gardens help cities in many important ways. You find it in the first sentence of the text, and the last sentence repeats it in different words.

الوحدة 3Unit 3 — Exploring Heritage

الدرس 1: Grammar Support 1

  • A non-defining relative clause is extra information between two commas; you can remove it and the sentence is still understood.
  • The picture: the main sentence is the bread, and the relative clause is the filling between the two halves.
  • The relative pronouns: who for people, which for things, where for places, when for times, whose for possession.
  • The removal test: cover the extra part; if the meaning is still complete, put the two commas.
  • If a verb comes straight after the gap the pronoun is which, and if a new subject comes with a place meaning the pronoun is where.
  • When you join, the repeated word (there / on that day / his / he / it) is deleted and the pronoun takes its place.

الزبدة: ‘Non-defining’ means ‘you can remove it’, and that is exactly why it is surrounded by two commas. · The pronoun is chosen from the meaning of the noun before it: a person, a thing, a place, a time, or possession. · Correct joining is built on deleting the repeated word, not just on adding the pronoun.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
Define a non-defining relative clause as the book does.
A non-defining relative clause is like the filling in a sandwich. It gives extra information, but you can remove it and still understand the sentence. The filling is always between commas.
What is the book's practical test for knowing that the information is extra?
Cover the extra part with your finger and read the main sentence alone; if its meaning is still complete, the information is extra and it needs two commas around it.
When do we use which and when do we use where in the tasks on this page?
We use which when a verb comes straight after the gap (This app, which is on my phone), and we use where when a new subject comes and the meaning is a place (Mosques, where people pray).
Join: My brother was not listening. His phone was ringing. (whose)
My brother, whose phone was ringing, was not listening.
Join: Sports day is a chance to enjoy teamwork. Runners join races on that day. (when)
Sports day, when runners join races, is a chance to enjoy teamwork.
What is wrong with: «The stadium which I watched the match is a modern landmark»?
Two mistakes: the pronoun must be where, because the meaning is a place and a new subject follows it, and the relative clause must be surrounded by two commas — The stadium, where I watched the match, is a modern landmark in the area.

الدرس 2: Vocabulary Support 1

  • The silent ‘r’ rule: r is silent in British English if a consonant follows it or if it is at the end of a word.
  • The table examples: director «di-rek-tuh», creator «cree-ay-tuh», artefacts «ah-ti-facts».
  • The word that does not follow the rule: narrow, because its r is followed by a vowel.
  • The number of silent ‘r’ sounds in (conference / award / decorative / watchtower) = 2 (award and watchtower).
  • The dialogue answers: detailed, Sadly, evidence, automatic, illustrate, devote — and the extra word is translation.
  • Choose the gap word by grammar: an adjective after was, an adverb at the start of the sentence, a noun after any, and a verb after Can and need to.

الزبدة: The silent r is the mark of British pronunciation, and knowing it improves your listening, not only your speaking. · The letter after the r is what decides: a consonant or the end of the word gives a silent r, and a vowel gives a pronounced r. · A gap is filled by grammar first: the type of word you need is known from what comes immediately before the gap.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
State the silent ‘r’ rule as the book gives it.
In British English, the letter ‘r’ is usually silent if it is followed by a consonant or if it is at the end of a word.
Which of these words does not follow the silent ‘r’ rule: director / artefacts / narrow / creator? And why?
narrow; because its r is followed by a vowel (o), so it is pronounced, unlike the other words, where the r is followed by a consonant or stands at the end of the word.
How many silent ‘r’ sounds are there in: conference, award, decorative, watchtower?
Two: in award (the r is followed by the consonant d) and in watchtower (the r is at the end of the word). In conference and decorative the r is followed by a vowel, so it is pronounced.
Complete: «It shows that we depended on AI to carry out ...... tasks.»
automatic — because the gap comes before a noun (tasks), so it needs an adjective, and it means tasks done by machine.
What is the extra word in the list of the Employee Chat Log task?
translation; because there are six gaps and seven words, and no gap carries the meaning of ‘translation’.
Write a short message to the director using three words from the list.
We need to devote more time to creative work instead of automatic tasks. The report gives clear evidence that our results are falling. The chart can illustrate the main problems on a single page.

الدرس 3: Writing Mechanics: Word Choice for Clarity

  • The Passcode Room answers: Wooden Chest, Dallah, Sword Dance, Incense Burner, Serving Arabic Coffee, The Old Souq.
  • The two opinion frames: «We prefer … instead of … because …» and «In my opinion, … is more interesting because …».
  • Heritage = what we inherit from the past (customs, monuments, national festivals).
  • Identity = who you are because of your culture (nationality, language, values).
  • History = the record of past events (wars, historical events, discoveries).
  • Culture = how people live today (food, clothes, drinks).
  • The Audio Gallery answers: culture, heritage, identity, history.

الزبدة: Words with close meanings are not synonyms; accuracy in choosing them is what makes writing clear. · The clue word at the top of each box (What / Who / Records / How) settles which term is wanted. · An opinion is only complete with a reason after because.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
What is the difference between heritage and culture as the book's boxes give it?
Heritage is what we inherit from the past (customs, monuments, national festivals), while culture is how people live today — their lifestyle (food, clothes, drinks).
Define identity and history as the book does.
Identity: who you are because of your culture, e.g. your nationality, your language, your values. History: records of past events such as wars, historical events and important discoveries.
Write the six passcode words.
Wooden Chest, Dallah, Sword Dance, Incense Burner, Serving Arabic Coffee, The Old Souq.
Complete: «People wear traditional clothes to keep their ...... alive for future generations.»
heritage — because the sentence is about what we pass on to the coming generations, and that is the definition of heritage.
Complete: «The Battle of Jahra is a key event in our national ......»
history — because the battle is a recorded past event, and that is the definition of history.
Write your opinion about one of the museum items using the two frames printed in the book.
We prefer the Dallah instead of the Wooden Chest because it is still used in every Kuwaiti home when guests arrive. In my opinion, the Sword Dance is more interesting because it brings the whole community together on national days.

الدرس 4: Grammar Support 2

  • The long action = past continuous (its symbol is the clapperboard), and the short action = past simple (its symbol is the camera).
  • Formula 1: While/As + long action, short action.
  • Formula 2: While/As + long action, long action.
  • Formula 3: When + short action, long action.
  • The comma is used if the sentence begins with the linker, and dropped if the linker comes in the middle.
  • Stative verbs such as know and feel do not go in the past continuous.
  • With two long actions we use while or as, and we do not use when.

الزبدة: When goes with the short event, and while and as go with the long event. · Matching is built on meaning and pronouns, not on the order of the lines. · Stative verbs are a fixed exception that does not change however continuous the context looks.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
State the book's three formulas for linking the past simple and the past continuous.
While/As + long action, short action. While/As + long action, long action. When + short action, long action.
When do we put the comma in these sentences?
We put it if the sentence begins with While or As or When, and we do not put it if the linker comes in the middle of the sentence.
Why do we say «we knew» and not «we were knowing»?
Because know is a stative verb that describes a state and not a repeated action, and stative verbs are not used in the continuous form.
Join: «The policeman was helping the lost child find his parents. The mother was running to them.»
While/As the policeman was helping the lost child find his parents, the mother was running to them. — two long actions together, so while or as is used and when is not.
Complete the matching: «When the football hit the boy, ......»
he was playing basketball. — the short action comes after when, then the long action in the past continuous (picture 6).
Join: «We were waiting for the bus. It suddenly started to rain.»
While/As we were waiting for the bus, it suddenly started to rain. Or: We were waiting for the bus when it suddenly started to rain.

الدرس 5: Vocabulary Support 2

  • The word family: one word has a verb, an adjective, an adverb and a noun.
  • The suffixes: -ing/-ous/-able/-ed for the adjective, -ly for the adverb, and -ment/-ence/-ity/-ation for the noun.
  • The table answers: amazing, patience, identification (or identity), continuously, customise.
  • The text answers: amazing, patiently, identify, continuously, customise, patiently, amazing.
  • After was/were an adjective, after an ordinary verb an adverb, and after to a verb in the infinitive.
  • The reading-aloud instructions: stress, pause, vary your tone, show feelings, and speak clearly and loudly.
  • The peer assessment checklist has four items: stressing, clarity, correct pronunciation, and showing feelings.

الزبدة: Knowing the meaning of a word is not enough; the mark is in putting it in its correct form. · The suffix is the fastest clue to the class of a word, and the word before the gap is the fastest clue to the form required. · Good reading aloud is evidence of understanding, not just a nice voice.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
Complete the word family: amaze — ...... — amazingly — amazement.
amazing (the adjective).
What is the noun of the family whose adjective is patient and whose adverb is patiently?
patience — and notice that this family has no direct verb, as the book states (No direct verb).
Complete: continue — continuous — ...... — continuity.
continuously (the adverb).
Why do we choose patiently and not patient in: «Students worked ...... to prepare their projects»?
Because the gap describes how the verb worked was done, and a verb is described with an adverb, not with an adjective.
State the five reading-aloud instructions in the Audition Room.
Stress important words. Pause at commas and full stops. Use voice up and down (not flat). Show feelings (excited, calm, proud). Speak clearly and loudly.
What are the four items of the Peer Assessment Checklist?
You stressed key words. You read clearly and loudly. You used correct pronunciation. You showed expressions and feelings.

الدرس 6: Summary-making

  • The main idea: Generation Alpha are those born from around 2010, and they are the first generation to grow up fully in the digital age.
  • Its strengths: daily use of technology, quick learning, creativity, and care for global issues.
  • Its health challenges: eye strain and headaches, poor sleep, less physical activity, and weaker concentration.
  • The chatbot's four prompts: summarise the passage, find the main idea, check my summary, improve my summary.
  • The five summary tips, the last of which are: do not add new information, and use clear and simple English.
  • The fault of the AI summary is in accuracy: it added an exaggerated judgement and a piece of advice that are not in the text.
  • The correct summary: four to five sentences with the main idea, the strengths and the challenges, and no additions.

الزبدة: The most dangerous fault of an AI summary is not the language but adding information that is not in the text. · A good prompt for artificial intelligence fixes the length and the content together. · Judging by written criteria reveals what a quick reading does not.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
Who are Generation Alpha as the text defines them?
Generation Alpha refers to children born from around 2010 onwards; they are the first generation to grow up fully in the digital age.
State the four strengths of Generation Alpha as they appear in the text.
Using technology every day and feeling that it is natural, learning quickly especially from videos and apps, enjoying being creative, and caring about global issues such as protecting the environment.
What health challenges does the text mention?
Eye strain and headaches from too much screen time, an effect on sleep, less physical activity because of sitting for long periods, and reduced concentration with difficulty staying focused for a long time.
Which two sentences did the AI add that are not in the text?
«They are always better than older generations because they know everything about technology» and «Parents and teachers should help them use technology responsibly».
State the five summary tips that the chatbot shows.
Keep the main idea. Include only important details. Remove examples and repeated ideas. Do not add new information. Use clear and simple English.
Rewrite the summary correctly in four sentences.
Generation Alpha are children born from around 2010, and they are the first generation to grow up fully in the digital age. They use technology every day, learn quickly from videos and apps, and enjoy being creative. They also care about global issues such as protecting the environment. However, too much screen time can strain their eyes, harm their sleep, reduce their physical activity and weaken their concentration.

الدرس 7: Expository Writing

  • The task: an expository essay of no fewer than 12 sentences (around 120–140 words) about cultural heritage.
  • The opening line in the book: «Your heritage is your story – don’t let it disappear.»
  • The first paragraph answers «why» we preserve, and the second «how» we protect.
  • Each body paragraph = a topic sentence + two supporting details.
  • Sharing out the sentences: 2–3 for the introduction, 4 for each body paragraph, 2 for the conclusion.
  • The success bar has five levels: Low, Developing, Satisfactory, Good, Excellent.
  • The Excellent level requires clarity and detail, strong examples, effective linking words, a range of vocabulary, and a meaningful conclusion.

الزبدة: The «why» and the «how» in the wording of the prompt are the map of the two paragraphs. · The success bar is read before writing so you know the target, and used after it so you know what is missing. · A strong hook is a marked item, not a literary decoration.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
What is the text of the prompt in the Preserving History task?
Plan and write an expository essay of no fewer than 12 sentences (around 120-140 words) about our cultural heritage, explaining why it is important to preserve our heritage and how we can protect it for future generations.
Which sentence does the book open the task with? And how do you use it?
«Your heritage is your story – don’t let it disappear.» You use it as a hook to open your introduction, because the item of a strong hook is listed at the Good level of the success bar.
What is each of the two body paragraphs about?
The first paragraph explains why it is important to preserve heritage, and the second paragraph explains how we can protect it for future generations.
State the five levels of the success bar in order.
Low, Developing, Satisfactory, Good, Excellent.
What are the items of the Excellent level in the success bar?
My writing is clear and detailed. I used strong examples. I used linking words effectively. I used a range of vocabulary. My conclusion is meaningful.
At which level does the item «I used a strong hook» appear?
At the Good level, together with: my ideas are clear and organised, I explained how to protect heritage, and I used a range of vocabulary.

الدرس 8: Can-Do Unit Checkpoint

  • The vocabulary answers (multiple choice): tucked away, view, conference, mechanical, translation.
  • The vocabulary answers (gaps): Sadly, overseas, identity, watchtower, ceremony — and the extra word is walker.
  • The grammar answers 1–5: who, which, was preparing, were taking, were watering.
  • The grammar answers 6–9: a, c, b, c.
  • Who for people, which for things, when for a noun of time, and where for a noun of place, with two commas.
  • IDEAS: Inference, Definition, Example, Antonym, Synonym.
  • Classifying the words: hump definition, nocturnal synonym, packs antonym, seaweed example, migrate inference, nectar definition.
  • The answers of the meaning questions: c, a, c, b.

الزبدة: The clue word in the sentence is the key to the answer both in vocabulary and in context clues. · When has two jobs in this unit: a relative pronoun after a noun of time, and a time linker before the short event. · Working out the meaning of a word from its context is a skill that saves you from memorising every word.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
Complete: «My grandmother ...... old photos in a wooden box for many years.»
tucked away — meaning that she kept them safely in a hidden place.
What is the extra word in the gap-filling list? And why?
walker; because there are five gaps and six words, and no gap can carry the meaning of «a person who walks».
Explain why we use which in «The meeting, ...... lasted two hours» and not who.
Because the noun described (The meeting) is a thing and not a person, and who is used only for people.
Join with when: «Fishermen were catching fewer fish. Officials found pollution in the water.»
Fishermen were catching fewer fish when officials found pollution in the water — because when comes before the short, sudden event and the long action comes before it.
State the five IDEAS techniques with their meanings.
Inference: the meaning is guessed from the whole idea or situation. Definition/explanation: the sentence defines the word directly. Example: examples clarify the word. Antonym/contrast: an opposite shows the meaning. Synonym/restatement: a near word repeats the meaning.
Which clue reveals the meaning of the word packs in the passage?
The contrast: «wolves live in packs, but many big cats are solitary; this contrast shows different social styles». Setting the group against the solitary animal shows that packs are groups living together.

الوحدة 4Unit 4 — Citizenship

الدرس 1: Grammar Support 1

  • When direct speech becomes reported speech, three things change: the tense, the pronoun, and the adverb of time.
  • The backshift: present simple ← past simple, past simple ← past perfect, will ← would, and am/is ← was.
  • The pronouns: I ← he/she, we ← they, my ← his/her.
  • The adverbs: tomorrow ← the next day, yesterday ← the day before, and now ← then.
  • The matching answers: would like ← I will like, had liked ← I liked, and liked ← I like.
  • The mistakes in Activity 2 are of three kinds only: the tense of the verb, the pronoun, or the adverb of time.

الزبدة: Reported speech is not a translation of the sentence but a rebuilding of it with three fixed changes. · The verb in the reported sentence tells you the tense of the direct sentence, and that is the key to matching questions. · Most students correct the tense and forget the pronoun and the adverb, so they lose half the mark.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
What are the three changes that happen when direct speech becomes reported speech?
The backshift of the tense, the change of the pronouns, and the change of the adverbs of time and place.
Match: «He said he would like the new staff uniforms» to which direct speech?
“I will like the new staff uniforms.” — because would comes from will.
Correct: «They said that we will visit the museum the next day.»
They said that they would visit the museum the next day. — the two mistakes: the pronoun we, which should be they, and the verb will, which should be would.
Change into reported speech: «I finished my creative writing assignment yesterday,» mentioned my sister.
She mentioned that she had finished her creative writing assignment the day before.
Change into reported speech: «I will show my classmates the new posters tomorrow,» Sarah said.
Sarah said that she would show her classmates the new posters the next day.
Why do we change «now» into «then» in reported speech?
Because the narrator retells the words at a later time, so the moment that was «now» for the speaker has become «then» for the narrator; this is part of changing the adverbs of time.

الدرس 2: Vocabulary Support 1

  • The matching: continuously = without interruption, comply = to act according to a rule, altruism = caring for others, ancestor = an old family member, safeguard = to protect.
  • The eight word-search words are all horizontal, one word in each of the eight rows of the grid.
  • The gap answers: site, marked, rapidly, transformation, well-known — and the extra word is tied.
  • The choosing answers: stable, new-found, downplay, citizenship.
  • The synonym answers: group→collection, keep up→sustain, protection→defence, offer→volunteer.
  • After had comes the third form of the verb (had marked).

الزبدة: The clue word in the sentence settles the gap before you even look at the word list. · The two choices in a choosing question may both stand up grammatically while only one of them stands up in meaning. · The more accurate synonym raises the level of your writing, so not everything that is correct in language is the best.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
Define comply, altruism and safeguard as the book's table does.
comply: to act according to an order, set of rules, or request. altruism: the fact of caring about the needs and happiness of others. safeguard: to protect something/somebody from loss, harm or damage.
What does ancestor mean? And what does continuously mean?
ancestor: a person in your family who lived a long time ago. continuously: in a way that happens for a time without being interrupted.
Name the eight words that must be found in the word search grid.
ALTRUISM, CAPACITY, COMPLY, CULTURALLY, LEADER, SAFEGUARD, SITE, TIE.
Complete: «Building the new cultural centre had ...... an important milestone for the city.»
marked — because after had comes the third form of the verb, and «mark a milestone» means to record an important turning point.
Why do we choose stable and not loyal in: «AI leaders are working to keep new technology ...... and safe»?
Because stable means steady and is used of systems and technology, while loyal means faithful and is used of people.
Rewrite: «The team managed to keep up their high energy levels until the end of the race.» using (sustain).
The team managed to sustain their high energy levels until the end of the race.

الدرس 3: Writing Mechanics: Idioms

  • An idiom is a phrase whose meaning is not obvious from its individual words, and using it correctly makes writing natural and engaging.
  • The five idioms: is not rocket science, lose heart, go viral, roll up my sleeves, and miss the boat.
  • The meanings: not difficult, to lose hope, to spread quickly, to prepare for hard work, and to lose an opportunity.
  • The answers of the Room 2 text: roll up my sleeves, lose heart, not rocket science, go viral, miss the boat.
  • The answers of the dialogue: lose heart, miss the boat, roll up your sleeves.
  • The idiom follows the pronoun: my sleeves for the speaker and your sleeves for the person addressed.

الزبدة: Never translate an idiom word by word, because its meaning belongs to the whole phrase and not to its separate words. · The context around the gap is what chooses the idiom, not the bare meaning on its own. · One idiom in its place has a stronger effect than three idioms in a row out of place.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
Define an idiom as the book does.
Idioms are phrases whose meaning isn’t obvious from the individual words. Using them correctly can make your writing sound more natural and engaging.
Complete the five idioms from the list (sleeves / rocket / boat / heart / viral).
is not rocket science — lose heart — go viral — roll up my sleeves — miss the boat.
What do «miss the boat» and «roll up my sleeves» mean?
miss the boat: to lose an opportunity. roll up my sleeves: to prepare for hard work.
Which idiom fits the gap in: «My teacher told me not to ...... or feel discouraged if I face difficulties»?
lose heart — because the phrase «or feel discouraged» explains the meaning wanted: to stop believing that you will succeed.
Why do we say «roll up your sleeves» in the dialogue and not «roll up my sleeves»?
Because Mariam is speaking to Sheikha, so the idiom follows the pronoun of the person addressed; the my in the table was the speaker talking about herself.
Write a sentence describing an app using «is not rocket science».
Using the app is not rocket science; you only need three taps to book a seat.

الدرس 4: Grammar Support 2

  • A countable noun can be counted and made plural (suitcase, passport, student), and an uncountable noun has no plural (advice, money, information).
  • Many and a few go with plural countable nouns, and much and a little go with uncountable nouns.
  • The answers of Activity 2: much information, a few souvenirs, many visitors, and a little advice.
  • Will is for a prediction, be going to for an intention or a plan, and the present continuous for a fixed arrangement with a time.
  • The answers of Activity 3: will visit, are going to buy, is starting, will be, and is giving.
  • The answers of the dialogue: are going to, will join, is beginning, and will be.
  • The key words: I think / I believe / I predict / Perhaps → will; and a stated time → the present continuous.

الزبدة: Before you choose the quantifier, ask: is the noun countable or uncountable? The answer settles the question. · The job written in brackets in the task is the key to the future form required. · A stated time is the sign of a fixed arrangement, so the present continuous is used with it, not will.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
Classify: suitcase, advice, passport, money, student as countable or uncountable.
Countable: suitcase, passport, student. Uncountable: advice, money.
When do we use much and when do we use many?
Much goes with an uncountable noun (much information), and many goes with a plural countable noun (many visitors).
When do we use a few and when do we use a little?
A few goes with a plural countable noun (a few souvenirs), and a little goes with an uncountable noun (a little advice).
State the three future forms and the job of each one as in the task.
will + infinitive for a Prediction, be going to + infinitive for an Intention, and the present continuous for a Fixed Arrangement.
Complete: «My favourite gym class ...... (start) at 8:00 a.m. tomorrow.» (Fixed Arrangement)
is starting — because the class is fixed with a time on the timetable, and a fixed arrangement takes the present continuous.
Why did we choose «will join» in: «Perhaps I ...... you.»?
Because the word Perhaps points to a possibility and a decision made at the moment, and that is the job of will, not of the present continuous.

الدرس 5: Vocabulary Support 2

  • Choosing the form of a word rests on grammar: a noun after ensure, an adverb before an adjective, an adjective after It is extremely, and a verb after must.
  • The answers of Station 1: equality, interestingly, rare, respect.
  • The grouping: Law = contract, record; Landmarks = skyline, monument; Values = freedom, equality.
  • The change into the formal style: mature, lasting, sentenced, symbolise.
  • The word sentence here is a verb meaning to give a legal punishment, not a noun meaning a group of words.
  • The Courtroom Closing: 2–3 sentences about sport, fashion or art using as many of the seven list words as possible.

الزبدة: The word next to the gap decides the form required before you even think about the meaning. · The formal style replaces a long everyday expression with one precise word. · One word can change its function and so change its meaning completely, as sentence does.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
Why do we choose equality and not equally in: «The new law was designed to ensure ...... for all citizens»?
Because the verb ensure needs an object, and an object is a noun; equality is a noun while equally is an adverb.
Give the reason for choosing «rare» in: «It is extremely ...... to find this species of flower.»
Because extremely is an adverb that describes an adjective, and the adjective is rare; rarely is an adverb, and an adverb is not described by another adverb here.
Group: freedom / contract / skyline / record / monument / equality.
Law: contract, record. Landmarks: skyline, monument. Values: freedom, equality.
Change into the formal style: «The judge gave him 10 years in prison.»
The judge sentenced him to 10 years in prison.
Change into the formal style: «Traditional recipes show our heritage.»
Traditional recipes symbolise our heritage.
What are the words of the Courtroom Closing list? And what is asked of you with them?
character / universal / formal / informal / impose / regulation / showcase. You are asked to write two to three sentences about sport, fashion or art, using as many of them as possible.

الدرس 6: Summary-making

  • Paraphrasing has four ways: synonyms, changing the part of speech, transition words, and removing what is unnecessary.
  • The book's examples: start→begin, different→difference, but→however, and deleting «such as phones and tablets».
  • The Bermuda Triangle is an area of the Atlantic Ocean between Florida, Bermuda and Puerto Rico.
  • The stories: ships and planes disappearing, explained by aliens, sea monsters and magnetic forces.
  • The scientists' reply: there is no evidence for that, and the more likely causes are strong storms, large waves and human error.
  • Thousands of ships and planes pass through the area safely every year.
  • The self-assessment checklist has five items, the last of which is using synonyms without changing the meaning.

الزبدة: Paraphrasing is not changing one word; it is four tools used together. · The main idea of this passage is in its first sentence, and the details fall into two opposite halves: the stories and the scientific reply. · A summary that copies the words of the passage is not a summary, however short it is.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
State the four ways of paraphrasing as they appear in the book's table.
Synonyms, Parts of speech, Transition Words, and Remove Unnecessary Information.
Paraphrase with synonyms: «It is important to talk to your family.»
It is essential to speak to your family.
Paraphrase by changing the part of speech: «Families need to communicate well to stay close.»
Families need good communication to stay close.
Where is the Bermuda Triangle?
It is a famous area in the Atlantic Ocean located between Florida, Bermuda, and Puerto Rico.
How do scientists explain the incidents of the Bermuda Triangle?
They say there is no evidence for the legendary theories, and that the more likely causes are strong storms, large ocean waves and human error; they also point out that thousands of ships and planes pass through the area safely every year.
What are the items of the self-assessment checklist on this page?
I included the main idea. I removed unnecessary details. I used correct punctuation. I added suitable linkers. I used synonyms and did not change the meaning.

الدرس 7: Expository Writing

  • The task: an expository essay of no fewer than 12 sentences (around 120–140 words) about the good citizen.
  • The task opens with a quotation from His Highness the Amir, Sheikh Meshal Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah, about national unity, identity and citizenship.
  • The first paragraph is for the qualities, and the second for the everyday actions.
  • Each body paragraph = a topic sentence + two supporting details.
  • Sharing out the sentences: 2–3 for the introduction, 4 for each body paragraph, 2 for the conclusion.
  • The self-assessment checklist has five items: a full introduction, a clear conclusion, four paragraphs, linkers, and checking spelling, grammar and punctuation.

الزبدة: The words «qualities» and «actions» in the prompt are the map of the two paragraphs. · A good introduction presents both paragraphs together, and that is the first item of the checklist. · Using the unit's vocabulary in the essay raises the vocabulary mark and fixes the words at the same time.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
What is the text of the prompt in the National Duty task?
Plan and write an expository essay of no fewer than 12 sentences (around 120-140 words) explaining the qualities of a good citizen and providing examples of everyday actions they can take.
What quotation does the book open this task with? And whose is it?
«National unity cannot exist without the strengthening of identity and citizenship.» — His Highness the Amir, Sheikh Meshal Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah.
What is each of the two body paragraphs about?
The first paragraph explains the qualities of a good citizen, and the second paragraph gives examples of everyday actions he can take.
State the five items of the self-assessment checklist on the post-writing page.
My introduction outlines both the qualities and actions of a good citizen. I have included a clear conclusion to my topic. I have structured my essay into four paragraphs. I used linkers to ensure my writing flows smoothly. I have checked my spelling, grammar and punctuation.
What is the difference between a quality and an action in this essay? Give an example of each.
A quality is an abstract thing the citizen is described by, such as responsibility, honesty and respect for others, while an action is a concrete deed he does, such as keeping the school clean or volunteering in a charity event.
Write an introductory sentence that meets the first item of the checklist.
A good citizen is known by a few clear qualities and by the small actions that show them every day.

الدرس 8: Can-Do Unit Checkpoint

  • The vocabulary answers (multiple choice): mark, nation, well-known, record, interestingly.
  • The vocabulary answers (gaps): collection, monument, loyal, respect, comply — and the extra word is lasting.
  • The grammar answers 1–5: had helped, much, many, will transform, is opening.
  • The grammar answers 6–10: b, b, c, a, c.
  • «The day before» is the mark of reported speech, and «in the future» is the mark of a prediction with will.
  • CLUE: Check the title and the first sentence, Look at the tone, Use the key words, and End with the ending.
  • The reading answers: the best title is Barcodes, a barcode gives a scanner information, and the writer's purpose is to inform.

الزبدة: The key word in the question decides which rule is being tested before you look at the choices. · There are three purposes of writing: to inform, to persuade, or to entertain, and the key words reveal which one it is. · The best title is the one that covers the whole passage, not the one that names a detail inside it.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
Complete: «The clinic keeps a ...... of all my visits and prescriptions throughout the year.»
record — meaning an official file in which information is kept.
What is the extra word in the gap-filling list?
lasting; because there are five gaps and six words, and no gap can carry the meaning of «permanent».
Explain why we use much with information and not many.
Because information is an uncountable noun with no plural, and much goes with uncountable nouns while many goes with plural countable nouns.
Change into reported speech: «I finished my homework early,» said the boy.
The boy said that he had finished his homework early — because the past simple backshifts into the past perfect in reported speech.
State the four steps of the CLUE strategy.
Check: check the title and the first sentence. Look: look at the feeling or the tone. Use: use the key words. End: check the ending.
What is the purpose of the writer of the barcode passage? And how did you know?
His purpose is to inform readers about the invention and the uses of the barcode; I knew that because the passage is made of facts, dates and examples, with no command verbs such as should and must and no story to tell.

كتاب التمارين· Workbook

الوحدة 1Unit 1 — Festivals and Occasions

الدرس 1: Reading: Cherry Blossom time in Japan

  • The article «Cherry Blossom time in Japan» is informative: it gives facts about a festival, so the best description in exercise 1a is «Informative».
  • The main message of the whole text is that the Cherry Blossom Festival is an important event in Japan (option 3), because that is the only option the whole article supports.
  • For reference words, go to the line number the book gives you and walk backwards to the nearest suitable noun: «which» (line 9) = the parties (hanami), «they» (line 14) = people who do not like noise and crowds, «those» (line 18) = cherry trees.
  • The festival marks three things: the beginning of spring, the start of the academic year and the start of the financial year.
  • Key vocabulary from the text: «historians» = an expert in history, «national» = connected with a country, «gaze» = look at or watch, «flour» = a powder made from wheat grain, «custom» = habit or tradition, «financial» = connected with money, «elsewhere» = in another place.
  • The number in brackets in exercise 4 tells you exactly how many words the gap needs, so count your words before you write them.

الزبدة: Every answer on these two pages must be taken from the article; the workbook never asks for your general knowledge except in exercise 5. · A reference word is solved mechanically: line number, bold word, walk backwards to the nearest noun that agrees in number. · Exercise 3 and exercise 4 are one task in two halves: find the word by its definition, then put the same word back into a new sentence.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
Why is «Informative» the correct description of the text and not «Historical»?
Because the writer gives facts and explanations about a present-day festival: when it happens, what people eat, where they go and who checks the weather front. The text mentions the 7th and 3rd centuries CE, but that is only background; the subject of the article is a festival that still takes place every spring, so it is informative, not historical.
What does «which» in line 9 refer to, and how do you prove it?
It refers to the special parties called «hanami». Line 8 says «special parties, called hanami, are held», and line 9 continues «These are parties at which people view the blossoms». Walking backwards from «which», the nearest noun is «parties», and the sentence makes sense when you replace it: people view the blossoms at these parties.
What makes the cherry trees of Japan unique, according to the article?
They are different from cherry trees elsewhere in the world because they do not produce fruit. The article also says there are more than four hundred types of cherry tree, or «Sakura», in the country, and that the blossom of the cherry tree is Japan's national flower.
How do people know when the Cherry Blossom festivals are going to be held?
Meteorologists are responsible for checking the movement of the «Sakura Zensen», the warm weather front which facilitates the blossoming of the trees. When they see the front moving, they can say when the trees will blossom, and the festivals follow.
In exercise 4b the book asks for three words. What are they and why?
The three words are «noise», «crowds» and «view»: «Even people who don't like noise and crowds, come to view the blossoms.» They come from lines 13–15 of the article, where quieter places such as the mountains are offered to people who do not like noise and crowds of people.
How should you organise your answer to exercise 5, the «Over to you» discussion?
State your position clearly (I agree / I disagree with this statement), give two reasons, support one of them with a real example such as Hala February or the Qurain Cultural Festival in Kuwait, then finish with a one-sentence conclusion. A model answer: «I agree, because a festival brings a community together and teaches young people the customs of their grandparents. For example, during Hala February, families see traditional crafts and food that they do not meet in daily life. So festivals keep a shared heritage alive.»

الدرس 2: Language practice

  • Exercise 1 answers: a go to (sleep) — b goes up — c goes off — d went on — e went out — f are not going. The tense is chosen from the time word in each sentence.
  • Intensifier rule: «very / extremely / quite» + normal adjective (tired, big, pleased, frightened); «absolutely» + extreme adjective (exhausted, enormous, delighted, impossible, astonished, perfect).
  • Crossword answers: across 1 vendor, 3 festival, 4 blossom; down 2 world, 5 food, 6 castle.
  • An answer that begins with «Yes» or «No» needs a yes/no question; after «Did» the verb returns to its base form, so we write «Did … use to …?».
  • «Could» = general ability or possibility in the past; «managed to» / «was able to» = someone was in a position to do something on one occasion.
  • Exercise 6 answers use the Student's Book «Words to remember»: a canopy, dazzling, nurtured, unrivalled, launched.

الزبدة: A phrasal verb is a new word, not a verb plus a preposition, and the workbook always tests it together with the correct tense. · English adjectives come in two families: normal adjectives take «very / extremely», extreme adjectives take «absolutely». · «Could» describes an ability that lasted; «managed to» describes a success on one difficult occasion.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
In exercise 1f the sentence is «We had a very expensive holiday last year, so we ...... this summer.» Why is the answer «are not going» and not «did not go»?
Because «this summer» has not happened yet: it is a plan for the near future that the family has already decided to cancel. English uses the present continuous for arrangements already decided, so with the box item «(be) not go» we write «are not going» (or «aren't going»). «Did not go» would be about a summer that is already finished.
Why do we say «absolutely impossible» but «very difficult», and never the other way round?
«Difficult» is a normal (gradable) adjective: a task can be a little difficult, quite difficult or very difficult. «Impossible» is an extreme (non-gradable) adjective: it is already the end of the scale, so it cannot be made stronger by «very». Extreme adjectives take «absolutely», which is why sentence 2a reads «it was absolutely impossible for me to sleep».
What is the answer to clue 6 down, and how do the letters prove it?
The answer is «castle»: a large fortified building, generally built of stone, in which kings and queens may live. It has six letters and 6 down has six squares. Its third letter, «s», falls on the third letter of «festival» (3 across), and its last letter, «e», falls on the second letter of «vendor» (1 across), so every crossing letter fits.
Write the question for this answer: «Yes, the supermarket used to be at the end of this street.»
«Did the supermarket use to be at the end of this street?» The answer begins with «Yes», so a yes/no question is needed; the answer uses «used to», so the question uses «Did … use to …?» with the base form «use».
In gap 7 of the conversation, why is «managed to» correct and «could» wrong?
The sentence is «I shouted as loudly as I could and eventually I (7) ...... attract someone's attention». This is one particular occasion that ended in success after great effort — the word «eventually» proves it. The Grammar assistant says «managed to» is used when someone was in a position to do something, so «managed to attract» is correct; «could attract» would suggest a general ability, which does not fit.
Rewrite «The green trees provide cover and shade along the street» using a word from the box in exercise 6, and explain your choice.
«The green trees provide a canopy along the street.» A «canopy» is a cover of branches and leaves over an area, which is exactly «cover and shade». The word comes from the Student's Book text about Hala February: «The surrounding desert is transformed from scorched sands to a green canopy of blossoming and vibrant flora.»

الدرس 3: Writing: A diary of a festival

  • Order of the diary in exercise 1: a Sunday (given), c Monday, b Tuesday, e Wednesday, d Thursday.
  • Order the paragraphs by their links, not by their subject: «that first night», «before Wednesday's trek», «we left the lodge», «the end of our trek».
  • A time expression tells the reader when: a point («at six o'clock»), a link to another event («as soon as I woke up») or a length of time («for three hours»).
  • Copy the model line for exercise 2: expressions in the order they appear, separated by a slash, copied word for word.
  • Your own diary: a title, one short entry per day, each entry opening with a time expression, written in the past simple with some past continuous and past perfect.
  • Keep to about 170–200 words, which is roughly 18–20 lines of normal handwriting.

الزبدة: A diary is ordered by a chain of days, and each paragraph carries a phrase that points to the day before or after it. · Time expressions are the tool of this Writing section: notice them in the model, list them, then reuse them in your own text. · Every Writing section here follows the same three steps: read a model, study one feature, write your own text with it.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
Which paragraph is Monday, and what proves it?
Paragraph c is Monday. It begins «That first night, I slept very well», and the first night is the camp the writer reached at the end of Sunday («at six o'clock we reached our first night's camp»). So c must be the day immediately after Sunday.
Why is paragraph d Thursday and not Monday, although it begins at sunrise?
Because of its last two sentences: «we continued for another three hours, all downhill, until we reached the place we had started from five days ago! It was the end of our trek!» A trek that ends and returns to its starting point after five days can only be the final day, Thursday.
List the time expressions in the Wednesday paragraph.
Wednesday is paragraph e, and its time expressions are: «After about an hour», «Eventually», «that night's camp» and «late». They are copied in the order they appear in the paragraph, exactly as in the Sunday model line.
What are the three kinds of time expression in the model diary? Give one example of each.
1. A point in time: «at six o'clock» (or «at sunrise», «this morning»). 2. A link to another event: «as soon as I woke up» (or «after breakfast», «before Wednesday's trek»). 3. A length of time: «for three hours» (or «after about an hour»).
Which tenses should you use in your own diary, and why?
Past simple for the events of the day («we visited the heritage market», «the fireworks started»), past continuous for the background happening around you («musicians were performing»), and past perfect when you refer to something earlier than the day you are describing («the place we had started from»). The model diary uses all three.
Write a short model opening for the diary in exercise 3 about the Hala February Festival.
«Thursday — As soon as I woke up, I remembered that today was the opening of the Hala February Festival. After breakfast my father drove us into Kuwait City. The streets were absolutely dazzling: flags everywhere and a canopy of coloured lights above the road. At six o'clock we found a place near the stage and waited for the parade.» Notice that every sentence after the first carries a time expression.

الوحدة 2Unit 2 — Family Celebrations

الدرس 1: Reading: The Baby Shower

  • The baby shower is a tradition in England in which gifts are given to new or expectant parents; the name is misleading because it suggests washing rather than giving gifts.
  • Its purpose is to welcome the parents into parenthood and to ease that transition by removing some of the burden placed upon new parents, through support and friendship.
  • Traditionally it was for the mother, her female relatives and her friends, but as the event has evolved both sexes take part, and men may even have a separate baby shower.
  • Drawing inferences means reading between the lines: reaching a conclusion from the details the author provides, not copying a sentence from the text.
  • Verb forms in the text: present simple (involves), present continuous (is becoming), present perfect (has evolved, has become), present passive (are given, is arranged, are held), present perfect passive (have been inherited).
  • Adjectives from nouns: extension → extended, economy → economic, importance → important, difference → different, independence → independent, success → successful; item g needs the adverb «extremely».

الزبدة: Comprehension questions are answered from the text, but an inference question is answered from your own reasoning about the text. · The shape of a verb tells you its form: one word alone, be + -ing, have + third form, be + third form, or have been + third form. · Word building follows the sentence, not the word given: read what comes after the gap before you choose the suffix.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
Why is the baby shower organised by friends or relatives rather than by the expectant parents?
Because the event is a gift to the parents, not from them: «The expectant parents do not organise the baby shower. Instead, it is arranged by a close friend or relative. It is intended to welcome the parents into parenthood.» Friends and relatives arrange it in order to show support and friendship and to remove some of the burden placed upon new parents.
What happens if the baby shower is thrown for new parents rather than for expectant parents?
Silverware, such as silver replicas of toys, may also be given to commemorate the birth of the child. The article adds that «this does not occur if the child is yet to be born», so the silver gifts belong only to a shower held after the birth.
Answer the inference question of exercise 3: why might baby showers for subsequent children be smaller events with fewer gifts?
Probably because the parents already own the items the gifts are meant to provide — cribs, prams and clothing bought or given for the first child — so fewer new things are needed. And because the event exists to welcome the parents into parenthood and ease that transition; with a second or third child the parents are no longer new to parenthood, so less support is needed and the occasion is less of a milestone.
Give one verb from the text for each row of the chart in exercise 4.
Present Simple: «involves» (also «is», «does not occur», «do not organise»). Present Continuous: «is becoming». Present Perfect: «has evolved» (also «has become»). Present Passive: «are given» (also «are needed», «is arranged», «is intended», «are held»). Present Perfect Passive: «have been inherited».
Why is the answer to sentence g of exercise 5 «extremely» and not «extreme»?
Because the word after the gap is «grateful», which is an adjective, and a word that modifies an adjective must be an adverb. So we write «I am extremely grateful for the jewellery I inherited from my grandma.» This item is an exception to the heading of the exercise, since «EXTREME» is an adjective rather than a noun and the answer is an adverb rather than an adjective.
How has the baby shower changed over time, according to the article?
«Traditionally, the baby shower is an event for the mother, her female relatives and her friends. However, as the event has evolved it has become more and more common for both sexes to take part, or even for men to have a separate baby shower.» So it began as a women's event and has widened to include men.

الدرس 2: Language practice

  • A word with two meanings is decided by its sentence: «bank» (money / river side), «bear» (animal / to tolerate), «table» (furniture / rows of figures), «pupil» (part of the eye / school student).
  • The six words of exercise 2 come from the Student's Book «Words to remember» boxes on pages 17 and 19; write a sentence that proves the meaning, and copy the hyphens exactly.
  • Functions in exercise 3: «I am sorry…» = rejecting politely (3); «Thanks, I'd love to» = accepting (5); «but I'll check…» = pending, not yet decided (2).
  • In the dialogue of exercise 4 there are seven gaps but eight sentences, so «Are you free» is not used.
  • Simple past and past perfect: the action that happened first takes «had + third form»; the later action takes the simple past. Linking words: once, when, before, after, by the time.
  • In exercise 7 the time clue chooses the tense: «Every time» → present simple, «last night» → simple past, «when it started crying» → past continuous, «just» and «since last year» → present perfect, a fixed arrangement → present continuous.

الزبدة: The meaning of a word is decided by the words around it, never by the word alone. · The past perfect is not a harder past; it is simply the earlier of two past actions. · In a gap-fill dialogue, punctuation and the sentence after the gap are stronger clues than meaning alone.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
Explain the two meanings of «pupil» in exercise 1d.
In «She went to the ophthalmologist because her pupil was enlarged», «pupil» is the small round black opening in the centre of the eye — the doctor mentioned is an eye doctor. In «Pupils are supposed to be neat when they come to school», «pupils» means students at a school. The word «ophthalmologist» in the first sentence and «school» in the second are the clues.
Write the answer to exercise 5c and explain your choice of tense.
«As soon as the tourists had got off their coach in the city centre, they went on a guided tour of the city.» Getting off the coach happened first, so it takes the past perfect «had got off»; the tour came afterwards, so it takes the simple past «went». The second «the tourists» becomes the pronoun «they», as the instruction asks.
Match and explain: «By the time Khalid got home, …»
It matches ending 5: «the documentary had already started.» «By the time» always tells you that one action was complete before the other began. Khalid arriving is the simple past, and the documentary starting is earlier, so it takes the past perfect with «already».
Why is the answer to exercise 7c «was holding» and not «held»?
«He was holding the baby when it started crying.» Holding the baby was already going on when the crying began, and the past continuous is used for the longer action that is interrupted by a shorter one in the simple past. «Held» would suggest that he picked the baby up at the same moment it started to cry.
Complete and explain: «I ...... (not see) my uncle since last year.»
«I haven't seen my uncle since last year.» The word «since» with a point in the past requires the present perfect, because the situation started in the past and is still true now. A simple past («I didn't see») would close the period and cannot be used with «since».
How do you know that one sentence in the box of exercise 4 is not used?
By counting. The box prints eight sentences, but the dialogue has exactly seven gaps: one in each of A's four turns and one in each of B's first three turns. Seven gaps take seven sentences, so «Are you free» is left over. Counting the gaps before you start is a habit worth having in the exam.