أهداف الدرس
- I can form the past perfect with had + the past participle in statements, questions and negatives.
- I can explain that the past perfect shows the first of two actions in the past.
- I can find the simple past and the past perfect in a text and say which action came first.
- I can complete sentences with the correct past form of the verbs in brackets.
- I can use the structures No sooner had … than and Hardly had … when.
- I can write a list of what I had done by the time I went to bed yesterday.
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المقطع 1 من 5Grammar: Simple past and past perfect [once / when / before / after / by the time]1:55
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مقاطع الدرس
0 من 5 مكتملGrammar: Simple past and past perfect [once / when / before / after / by the time](ص 23)
The Grammar reference on printed page 67 gives the **form** first: we use **had + the past participle** for statements, questions and negative forms. Statements: We had had our dinner by the time they arrived. Questions: Where had they lived before they moved here? Negative forms: They were hungry because they hadn't eaten for several days. Notice that 'had' never changes with the subject: I had, he had, they had.(ص 72)
Then it gives the **use**. We use the past perfect to refer to: (1) **the first of two actions in the past** — Before they bought other food, they had sold their products; and (2) **a situation, state, feeling or action in the past** — They found the house strange after they had lived in a tent. So the past perfect is the 'earlier past': it takes you one step further back in time than the simple past.(ص 72)
The text: Grandmother celebrates her return from Hajj(ص 23)
Yesterday, we celebrated our grandmother's return from the Hajj. After we had collected her from the airport, Grandma explained to us that she had always dreamed of travelling to Makkah and that she had finally achieved her life-long aim. As soon as we had eaten a long breakfast together, we invited our close family over for a special meal, and welcomed Grandma's other friends and relatives to the house to celebrate.(ص 23)
Mum had decorated the house in anticipation of her arrival. Grandma gave us some gifts. Then, we sat down together and tucked in to a large lunch of curry, fresh fruit and vegetables. By the time we finished the meal, Grandma had begun to tell us about her experience in Makkah. Once she had answered all our questions, we finally gave her some well-deserved breathing space.(ص 23)
Exercise 1 asks you to read Aisha's personal account and **underline all the verbs**. When you do this, you will see the pattern of the whole text: the simple past verbs (celebrated, explained, invited, welcomed, gave, sat, tucked in, finished, gave) carry the story forward, while the past perfect verbs (had collected, had always dreamed, had finally achieved, had eaten, had decorated, had begun, had answered) take you back to what happened earlier.(ص 23)
Exercise 2: which action came first?(ص 23)
- Fill in the chart (Simple past | Past perfect | Which action came first?):
- a As soon as we had eaten a long breakfast together, we invited our close family over… → invited | had eaten | eating a long breakfast (this row is given in the book)
- b Mum had decorated the house in anticipation of her arrival. Grandma gave us some gifts. → gave | had decorated | decorating the house
- c By the time we finished the meal, Grandma had begun to tell us about her experience in Makkah. → finished | had begun | Grandma beginning to tell us about her experience
Exercise 3 asks you to read the text again and underline the sentence in which the past perfect verb **explains** something. The clearest one is: 'Grandma explained to us that she had always dreamed of travelling to Makkah and that she had finally achieved her life-long aim.' Here the past perfect does not put two actions in order; it explains a **feeling and a state** — why this return was so important to her. That is use number 2 in the Grammar File.(ص 23)
Exercise 4: the correct past form(ص 23)
- Complete with the correct past form of the verbs in brackets:
- a They watched the film although they had already seen it three times.
- b The air conditioning had broken, so we all felt very uncomfortable.
- c He had never eaten Kuwaiti food before, but he really enjoyed it.
- d The next morning, the streets were dusty because there had been a sandstorm.
Exercise 5: No sooner had … than / Hardly had … when(ص 23)
- Model completions for exercise 5 (complete with interesting explanations in the past perfect):
- a No sooner had Ahmed woken up than he remembered that he had forgotten to set his alarm clock.
- b Hardly had Hamad arrived at school when he realised that he had left his English book at home.
- c Jaber couldn't afford to go to the theatre because he had spent all his money on a new bicycle.
- d As soon as Jumana missed the bus, she remembered that she had left her project on the kitchen table.
Exercise 6 asks you to write a list of all the things you **had done by the time you went to bed yesterday**, and the book gives you the model answer itself: 'By the time I went to bed yesterday, I had been to school, done my homework, watched TV and sent an e-mail to my friend.' Notice that 'had' is written only once, and the other verbs follow in the past participle: had been… done… watched… sent.(ص 23)
الملخص
- The past perfect is formed with had + the past participle, and 'had' does not change with the subject.
- It refers to the first of two actions in the past, or to a situation, state or feeling in the past.
- In the text, the simple past moves the story forward and the past perfect goes one step further back.
- The linking words are once, when, before, after, by the time, and as soon as.
- After No sooner and Hardly at the beginning of a sentence, 'had' comes before the subject: No sooner had Ahmed woken up than…
- No sooner is followed by 'than', and Hardly is followed by 'when'.
الأفكار الرئيسية
- Whatever the word order, the past perfect action is always the earlier one.
- Signal words tell you the tense: already and never…before take the past perfect, while so and but introduce the later result in the simple past.
- In a list, 'had' is written once and the other verbs continue in the past participle.
الأسئلة المهمة
How do we form the past perfect, and give one statement, one question and one negative example from the book.
We use had + the past participle. Statement: We had had our dinner by the time they arrived. Question: Where had they lived before they moved here? Negative: They were hungry because they hadn't eaten for several days.
الكتاب صفحة 72
What are the two uses of the past perfect according to the Grammar File?
First, the first of two actions in the past: Before they bought other food, they had sold their products. Second, a situation, state, feeling or action in the past: They found the house strange after they had lived in a tent.
الكتاب صفحة 72
In the sentence 'By the time we finished the meal, Grandma had begun to tell us about her experience', which action came first?
Grandma beginning to tell them about her experience came first, because it is in the past perfect (had begun); finishing the meal is in the simple past and came second.
الكتاب صفحة 23
Complete and explain: The next morning, the streets ...... (be) dusty because there ...... (be) a sandstorm.
The next morning, the streets were dusty because there had been a sandstorm. The sandstorm happened before the morning, so it takes the past perfect, and the state of the streets is the later situation in the simple past.
الكتاب صفحة 23
What happens to the word order after 'No sooner' and 'Hardly' at the beginning of a sentence?
The auxiliary 'had' comes before the subject: No sooner had Ahmed woken up than…, and Hardly had Hamad arrived at school when… 'No sooner' is followed by 'than' and 'Hardly' by 'when'.
الكتاب صفحة 23
Write a sentence listing three things you had done by the time you went to bed yesterday.
By the time I went to bed yesterday, I had been to school, done my homework and watched TV. 'Had' is written once, and the following verbs continue in the past participle.
الكتاب صفحة 23
اختبار الدرس
أجب ثم اضغط «صحّح» لترى درجتك وتفسير كل إجابة.
الواجب
أسئلة تطبيقية لتحلها في البيت. يمكنك طباعتها من الأعلى.
مصطلحات الدرس
- past perfect
- the tense formed with had + the past participle, used for the earlier of two past actions. Example: They had sold their products before they bought other food.
- past participle
- the third form of the verb, used after had. Example: eaten, decorated, begun, seen.
- anticipation
- the feeling of expecting and preparing for something. Example: Mum had decorated the house in anticipation of her arrival.
- tuck in
- to start eating a large meal with enjoyment. Example: We sat down and tucked in to a large lunch.
- life-long aim
- a goal that a person has wanted to reach for the whole of their life. Example: She had finally achieved her life-long aim.
- well-deserved
- fully earned by hard work or effort. Example: We gave her some well-deserved breathing space.
- breathing space
- a short period of rest before doing more. Example: We finally gave her some breathing space.
- no sooner … than
- a structure meaning that the second action happened immediately after the first. Example: No sooner had Ahmed woken up than the doorbell rang.
- hardly … when
- a structure with the same meaning as 'no sooner … than'. Example: Hardly had Hamad arrived at school when the bell rang.
تمارين الكتاب كاملة
كل سؤال ونشاط وتمرين ورد في صفحات هذا الدرس، بنصه وإجابته النموذجية. 6 تمرينًا.
Grammar — Exercise 1 (underline the verbs)Read Aisha's personal account of her grandma's return from Makkah. Underline all the verbs. (Text: 'Grandmother celebrates her return from Hajj')(ص 23)
Simple past verbs: celebrated, explained, invited, welcomed, gave, sat, tucked in, finished, gave. Past perfect verbs: had collected, had always dreamed, had finally achieved, had eaten, had decorated, had begun, had answered. Note: after you underline them, sort them into two groups; the verbs with 'had' are the past perfect and they always describe what happened earlier.
Grammar — Exercise 2 (fill in the chart)Look at the following sentences from the text. There are two different verb tenses in each. Read them and fill in the chart (Simple past | Past perfect | Which action came first?). a As soon as we had eaten a long breakfast together, we invited our close family over… b Mum had decorated the house in anticipation of her arrival. Grandma gave us some gifts. c By the time we finished the meal, Grandma had begun to tell us about her experience in Makkah.(ص 23)
a invited | had eaten | eating a long breakfast (given in the book). b gave | had decorated | decorating the house. c finished | had begun | Grandma beginning to tell us about her experience in Makkah. Note: in every row the past perfect verb marks the action that came first, whatever its position in the sentence.
Grammar — Exercise 3 (the explaining past perfect)Read the text again. Underline the sentence in which the past perfect verb explains something.(ص 23)
'Grandma explained to us that she had always dreamed of travelling to Makkah and that she had finally achieved her life-long aim.' Note: here the past perfect does not simply put two actions in order; it explains a feeling and a state — why the return from the Hajj mattered so much to her. This is the second use in the Grammar File: a situation / state / feeling or action in the past.
Grammar — Exercise 4 (the correct past form)Complete these sentences with the correct past form of the verbs in brackets. a They ...... (watch) the film although they ...... (already see) it three times. b The air conditioning ...... (break), so we all ...... (feel) very uncomfortable. c He ...... (never eat) Kuwaiti food before, but he really ...... (enjoy) it. d The next morning, the streets ...... (be) dusty because there ...... (be) a sandstorm.(ص 23)
a watched … had already seen. b had broken … felt. c had never eaten … enjoyed. d were … had been. Note: the words 'already', 'never … before' and 'because there had been' all point to the earlier action, which takes the past perfect; 'so' and 'but' introduce the later result in the simple past.
Grammar — Exercise 5 (complete with past perfect explanations)Complete these sentences with interesting explanations in the past perfect. a No sooner had Ahmed woken up than ...... b Hardly had Hamad arrived at school when ...... c Jaber couldn't afford to go to the theatre because he ...... d As soon as Jumana missed the bus, ......(ص 23)
Model answers: a … he remembered that he had forgotten to set his alarm clock. b … he realised that he had left his English book at home. c … had spent all his money on a new bicycle. d … she remembered that she had left her project on the kitchen table. Note: 'No sooner' is followed by 'than' and 'Hardly' by 'when', and in both structures the auxiliary 'had' comes before the subject.
Grammar — Exercise 6 (a list in the past perfect)Write a list of all the things you had done by the time you went to bed yesterday.(ص 23)
The book's own model answer: By the time I went to bed yesterday, I had been to school, done my homework, watched TV and sent an e-mail to my friend. Your own version: By the time I went to bed yesterday, I had prayed the evening prayer, revised my English vocabulary, helped my mother in the kitchen and packed my bag for the next day. Note: write 'had' once at the beginning of the list and continue with past participles, using 'and' before the last item.
صفحات الكتاب
صفحات هذا الدرس من كتاب الطالب الرسمي كما هي، صفحات 23 إلى 23.
