نسخة تجريبية من المنقذ: الاشتراك المدفوع والمساعد الذكي لم يُفعَّلا بعد، والمحتوى متاح للتجربة.

مراجعة سريعة: اللغة الإنجليزية

اختصار المنهج · قبل الامتحان

مراجعة سريعة: اللغة الإنجليزية

ملخص كل درس وأفكاره الرئيسية وأسئلته المهمة في صفحة واحدة. اطبعها واحفظها.

كتاب الطالب· Student's Book

الوحدة 1Unit 1 — The Science of Nutrition

الدرس 1: Opener + Reading: The Evolution of the Kuwaiti Diet

  • The traditional Kuwaiti diet was simple and healthy: fish, dates, rice, and vegetables, and it suited an active way of life.
  • After the discovery of oil, supermarkets and restaurants introduced convenient food that was high in fat, sugar, and salt.
  • Daily life became less active: cars replaced walking, and technology made people spend more time indoors.
  • Rates of obesity and diabetes rose, especially among teenage girls who do not routinely get enough exercise.
  • The Kuwait Flour Mills and Bakeries Company programme in schools improved students’ eating habits.
  • The style of the passage is expository, and its main idea is that modernisation and oil changed eating habits and lifestyle.

الزبدة: Kuwaiti nutrition moved from healthy simplicity to the challenges of fast food and inactive lifestyles. · Scientific evidence — research and studies — is what reveals the effect of this change on health. · The school today is a key partner in redirecting students’ eating habits.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
Describe the Kuwaiti diet in the past, and explain why food-related health problems were rare.
It was based on fresh fish, dates, rice, and a few vegetables, and it matched a physically active lifestyle of diving and sailing. That is why health problems related to food were rare and obesity was almost unknown.
What caused eating habits in Kuwait to change after the discovery of oil?
Supermarkets, restaurants, and fast-food chains introduced convenient options that were high in fat, sugar, and salt, and daily life became less physically active because of cars and technology.
Give a reason: rates of obesity and diabetes have risen among teenagers in Kuwait.
Because of the spread of fast food that is high in fat and sugar, and the lack of physical activity, especially as teenage girls do not routinely get enough exercise.
What is the role of the Kuwait Flour Mills and Bakeries Company programme in schools?
It teaches students about nutrition in engaging ways, which led them to improve their eating habits, develop more positive attitudes, eat more fruits and vegetables, and consume less fast food.
What is the main idea of the passage, and what is its writing style?
Main idea: modernisation and the oil industry have led to significant changes in eating habits and lifestyle. The writing style is expository.
Give two examples of forming the opposite of a word with a prefix, as in the book’s exercise.
healthy → unhealthy, and significant → insignificant (also convenient → inconvenient, balanced → unbalanced, known → unknown, active → inactive).

الدرس 2: Grammar: Present Simple & Adverbs of Frequency

  • The present simple is used for habits and routines, for permanent facts, and for scientific facts.
  • With I/You/We/They we use the base verb, and with He/She/It we add -s or -es.
  • In the negative we use don’t with I/You/We/They and doesn’t with He/She/It.
  • In questions: Wh-word + Do/Does + subject + base verb? or Do/Does + subject + base verb? for a Yes/No question.
  • Adverbs of frequency are ordered by percentage from Always (100%) to Never (0%).
  • The adverb of frequency comes before an ordinary verb, and directly after the verb to be.

الزبدة: The present simple describes what happens regularly or always, not only what is happening now. · The form of the verb changes only with He/She/It, by adding -s or -es. · The position of the adverb of frequency depends on the type of verb: ordinary verb or the verb to be.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
When do we use the present simple? Name the three cases as given in the book.
1. Habits, routines and repeated actions: I pray five times everyday. 2. Something that is always true: Ten times ten makes one hundred. 3. True facts: The sun rises from the east.
How do we form the present simple verb in the affirmative with the pronoun ‘He’?
We add -s or -es to the base verb, as in: She studies English every day.
How do we form a negative sentence in the present simple with ‘I’?
We use do not (don’t) + the base verb, as in: I don’t like coffee.
Order the adverbs of frequency from the highest percentage to the lowest, as given in the book.
Always (100%), Usually (80–90%), Often (50–70%), Sometimes (20–40%), Hardly ever (5–10%), Never (0%).
Where does the adverb of frequency come when the verb is the verb ‘to be’?
Directly after the verb to be, as in: I am never late for school.
Rewrite this sentence using the adverb in brackets: My water bottle is full to ensure I stay hydrated. (always)
My water bottle is always full to ensure I stay hydrated.

الدرس 3: Listening & Speaking: The Heritage Lunchbox / School Meal Systems

  • The listening conversation is between two mothers, Sara and Noor, about improving their children’s lunchboxes by combining Kuwaiti heritage with healthy choices.
  • The Post-Listening task asks you to design a ‘Heritage-Healthy Lunchbox’ by pairing a traditional Kuwaiti ingredient with a modern healthy element.
  • In the USA parents pack their children’s lunches themselves, which allows personal choice but requires complex organisation.
  • In Finland free, nutritious school meals have been given to all students since 1948 to ensure equity and improve learning.
  • In Japan (the Kyushoku system) students cook and serve the food to learn responsibility, and the government subsidises it to keep it affordable.
  • Phrases such as I think, In my opinion, I believe that are used to give an opinion in the oral discussion about school meals.

الزبدة: Combining food heritage with modern healthy choices is both possible and useful. · Every school meal system has advantages and disadvantages that follow the country’s philosophy (personal choice, free and fair, teaching responsibility). · Expressing an opinion orally needs clear functional phrases to state the position and justify it.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
Who are the two speakers in the audio conversation, and what do they talk about?
Sara and Noor, two mothers talking about their children’s lunchboxes and how to make them healthy while keeping the traditional Kuwaiti character.
Describe the school meal system in Finland.
Finland has provided free, hot, nutritious meals to all students since 1948, because it believes that providing food improves learning outcomes and ensures equity between students regardless of family income.
What makes the Kyushoku system in Japan special?
The students themselves cook and serve the meals in order to learn responsibility, and the government subsidises these meals so that they remain affordable.
Compare the meal system in the USA with the one in Finland.
In the USA parents pack the meals themselves, so it requires complex organisation but allows personal choice; in Finland the state provides free meals for everyone to ensure equity and improve learning.
Name a traditional Kuwaiti ingredient that can be used in a healthy lunchbox, and explain how it is combined.
An example from the book: chickpeas, eggs, or yoghurt, paired with a modern element such as whole-wheat bread, fresh berries, or chia seeds, to make a dish that joins heritage and health.
What are the useful phrases for giving an opinion in the oral discussion, as given in the book?
I think it’s incredible... / In my opinion... / I believe that...

الدرس 4: Writing: Smart Canteen Swaps

  • The required paragraph is no fewer than 8 sentences (about 90 words) explaining the benefits of healthy options in the canteen and suggesting alternatives.
  • The paragraph structure: an introductory sentence, two supporting ideas, and a concluding sentence that restates the introduction.
  • Linkers to add: furthermore, moreover. To show result: consequently, therefore. To conclude: ultimately, in summary.
  • The paragraph must use new vocabulary from the previous lessons and the linkers accurately.
  • Peer assessment checks the use of linkers, the vocabulary, the logic, and the clarity of the sentences.
  • The Exit Ticket asks you to give your partner one positive comment (a glow) and one suggestion for improvement (a grow).

الزبدة: A good paragraph is built on a clear structure: introduction, supporting ideas, conclusion. · Linkers make the ideas connected and clear for the reader. · Peer review is an important step for improving the writing before the final draft.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
What is the minimum number of sentences and words required for the paragraph in this lesson?
At least 8 sentences, which is about 90 words.
Name the parts of the paragraph structure as given in the book’s outline.
An introductory sentence stating the main idea, supporting idea 1 (the benefits of the healthy options), supporting idea 2 (suggesting traditional or modern healthy options), and a concluding sentence that restates the introduction.
Name two linkers used to add ideas, as given in the book.
furthermore, moreover.
Name two linkers used to show a result or a purpose, as given in the book.
consequently, therefore.
What does the Exit Ticket activity ask the student to do?
To give a classmate one positive comment (a glow) and one comment for improvement (a grow), using phrases such as: I liked... / I wish you would...
How does the lesson open, and what does it mean?
It opens with a verse from Surah Al-Baqarah (verse 172); its translation calls on believers to eat from the good things and to give thanks to Allah for them, which is linked to the idea of healthy food choices.

الدرس 5: Reading: Personalised Nutrition

  • General dietary advice (such as the food pyramid) may not suit everybody with the same effectiveness.
  • Every human being is chemically unique: genetics, the gut microbiome, and daily habits decide how the body processes food.
  • DNA and blood tests help scientists find out which foods suit each person.
  • Food that does not suit a person may cause inflammation that affects the mood and mental health (the field of nutritional psychiatry).
  • The aim of personalised nutrition is not only to prevent disease, but also to improve mental health.
  • The best diet is the one designed for a person’s own body and mind, not one single diet for everybody.

الزبدة: There is no single diet that suits everybody; the human body differs from person to person. · Modern science links what we eat with how we feel psychologically, not only with physical health. · Listening to the signals of your own body matters more than following a general rule.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
Why does the writer suggest that the food pyramid may no longer be the best guide for everyone?
Because science shows that such broad, general rules may not be as effective as we once thought, so nutrition is moving towards being personalised to suit each person’s unique biological needs.
Give two examples of factors that make us chemically unique.
Our genetics and our gut microbiome (the trillions of good bacteria in our digestive system), in addition to our daily habits.
Why does the writer advise us to listen to the unique signals our bodies send?
Because the best diet is not the one recommended for everybody but the one designed for a person’s own body and mind; listening to these signals helps us manage stress and think more clearly.
What is the relation between food and mental health as given in the text?
The field of nutritional psychiatry shows that our food choices are linked to how our brains function and how we feel; food that does not suit us may cause inflammation that changes the chemicals that regulate the mood.
How does the writer make the article sound scientific?
By using scientific terms (biological, chemically, genetics, the microbiome, DNA and blood tests) and by referring to research and studies, as in “Research suggests” and “scientists are helping”.
What is the difference between ‘malnutrition’ and ‘inflammation’ as they are used in the text?
Malnutrition is what the general dietary guidelines were created to prevent, while inflammation may result from eating food that does not suit a person’s body, and it affects the mood and mental health.

الدرس 6: Grammar: Present Continuous & Order of Adjectives

  • The present continuous describes an action happening now: Subject + am/is/are + verb-ing.
  • The negative form: Subject + am/is/are + not + verb-ing.
  • The subject decides the form of ‘be’: I = am, He/She/It = is, We/You/They = are.
  • The fixed order of adjectives in English: OSASCOMP = Opinion, Size, Age, Shape, Colour, Origin, Material, Purpose.
  • We do not need to use all the OSASCOMP categories in one sentence; we only order the ones we use.

الزبدة: The present continuous = verb + -ing after am/is/are, and it describes the present moment, not a habit. · The order of adjectives in English follows a fixed rule (OSASCOMP); it is not random.

الأسئلة المهمة (5)
What is the structure of an affirmative present continuous sentence?
Subject + am/is/are + verb-ing, as in: The dietitian is composing a customised meal plan.
What is the structure of a negative present continuous sentence?
Subject + am/is/are + not + verb-ing, as in: Adolescents are not spending enough time practicing sports.
Name the order of the eight types of adjectives according to the short form OSASCOMP.
Opinion, Size, Age, Shape, Colour, Origin, Material, Purpose.
In the phrase «interesting short modern books», what is the category of each adjective according to OSASCOMP?
interesting = Opinion, short = Size, modern = Age.
What are the two essential components that form the present continuous verb?
The verb ‘be’ (am/is/are) according to the subject, and the main verb with -ing added.

الدرس 7: Listening & Speaking: The Mediterranean Secret / Food Marketing

  • The Mediterranean lifestyle rests on three pillars: Diet, Socialising, and Physical Activity.
  • sustainable = able to be continued long term, decade = ten years, overlook = to fail to notice, legume = beans and lentils, stroll = to walk slowly.
  • Advertisements use psychological techniques to make unhealthy food look tempting: colours, associating the product with happiness, and the health trick with words such as wholesome.
  • Designing the short advertisement needs the roles to be assigned (a writer, a timekeeper, a speaker) and a fixed timing for each part.
  • hurdle = an obstacle, tempting = attractive, assign = to give a role, break down = to analyse piece by piece.

الزبدة: A healthy lifestyle is not food alone; it includes socialising and physical activity together. · Understanding the psychological marketing techniques helps us make more conscious food decisions.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
Name the three pillars of the Mediterranean lifestyle as given in the heading of the table.
Diet, Socialising, and Physical Activity.
What does the word ‘sustainable’ mean in the context of the lesson?
Able to be continued for a long time without harm.
Name the three marketing psychology techniques advertisers use to make food tempting.
Colour Psychology (red and yellow colours), Happiness Association (linking the product with happiness and friendship), and the Health Trick (words such as natural and wholesome on processed products).
What is the time structure of the ‘Sell the Unhealthy Item’ advertisement, and what is its total length?
60 seconds: an introduction (10 seconds), the product presentation (20 seconds), listing its tempting qualities (20 seconds), and a conclusion (10 seconds).
What does the phrasal verb ‘break down’ mean in the context of criticising an advertisement?
To analyse the advertisement piece by piece in order to understand its techniques and criticise them.
Why can the answers to the true/false questions in the listening part not be decided from the printed page alone?
Because they depend on the content of audio track 1.2 itself, which is listened to in class and does not appear as text on the page.

الدرس 8: Writing: Mindful Eating

  • Mindful eating = paying attention to how food tastes and how the body feels while eating, instead of eating without awareness.
  • The writer uses ‘Furthermore’ to add an idea and ‘Therefore’ to show a result in his blog.
  • The physical benefits of mindful eating: increased energy, no post-meal drowsiness, better sleep, improved digestion.
  • The academic benefits of mindful eating: better test performance, improved concentration, reduced stress.
  • Linkers are classified by their function: adding, contrast, result, and conclusion.
  • An expository essay explains an idea objectively with supporting examples; it does not persuade by emotion alone.

الزبدة: Mindful eating links physical health with mental and academic performance together. · Choosing the right linker (adding / contrast / result / conclusion) makes the writing clearer and more cohesive.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
Define the term ‘mindful eating’ as it is given in the blog post.
Paying attention to how food tastes and how your body feels while you eat, enjoying every bite and staying fully present.
Name two linkers the writer used in the blog and the function of each.
‘Furthermore’ to add an idea (he adds a new benefit), and ‘Therefore’ to show a result (he links the practice with its result, which is success).
Classify these benefits as physical or academic: increased energy, better test performance, improved digestion.
Increased energy and improved digestion are physical benefits, while better test performance is an academic benefit.
What is the writer’s purpose in writing this blog post?
To share his personal experience of mindful eating in order to convince the reader of its value in improving focus and reducing stress before exams.
Name two linkers used to show contrast in writing.
however and alternatively.
What are the two categories into which the book asks you to classify the benefits of mindful eating?
The physical category and the academic category.

الوحدة 2Unit 2 — Choices & Change

الدرس 1: Opener + Reading: The Shagaya Renewable Energy Park

  • Kuwait has historically relied on oil and natural gas, and this reliance has produced emissions that harm the environment.
  • The Shagaya Renewable Energy Park is located in a desert area west of Kuwait City and is managed by the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR).
  • The park includes two main technologies: wind turbines and solar panels.
  • Kuwait’s national goal: to produce 15% of its energy from renewable sources by the year 2030.
  • Renewable energy is sustainable because it does not run out as fossil fuels do.
  • Using clean energy reduces the need to burn oil, lowers the emissions, and leads to a healthier environment.
  • The project develops the expertise of engineers, researchers and students, raises environmental awareness, and makes Kuwait independent in producing its energy.

الزبدة: The move to renewable energy is a Kuwaiti step towards a cleaner environment and a sustainable future. · Using clean energy lowers harmful emissions and protects natural ecosystems. · The Shagaya park is not limited to producing energy; it builds national expertise and environmental awareness.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
What are the effects of using oil on the environment?
Oil produces harmful emissions that damage the environment, adding to air pollution and climate change.
What are the environmental aims of the Shagaya Renewable Energy Park?
To reduce pollution, prepare for the future, and help Kuwait produce 15% of its energy from renewable sources by 2030.
Why is education and developing expertise in renewable energy necessary?
It allows engineers, researchers, and students to study and improve renewable energy systems, which supports innovation, raises awareness, and makes Kuwait independent in its energy production.
Define the Shagaya project, and state its location and the body responsible for it.
It is a Kuwaiti national renewable energy project located in a desert area west of Kuwait City, and it is managed by the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR).
Name two renewable energy technologies mentioned in the text and explain how each one works.
Wind turbines use the power of flowing air to generate energy, and solar panels collect energy from the sun and convert it into electricity.
Explain the cause-and-effect relationship between using clean energy and lowering emissions.
Using clean energy reduces the need to burn oil, which lowers the harmful emissions released into the air, and leads to a healthier environment for people and for natural ecosystems.

الدرس 2: Grammar: Present Perfect Simple

  • The present perfect simple describes events that began in the past and are still connected to the present.
  • The form: has/have (not) + the past participle of the verb.
  • He/she/it take ‘has’, and I/you/we/they take ‘have’.
  • The common time expressions are: just, already, for, since, yet, lately, and each one has a different position and meaning.
  • ‘Since’ marks a point in time when something began, and ‘for’ marks a length of time.
  • ‘Yet’ is used only in questions and negative sentences.
  • Among the uses of the present perfect: continuing results, experiences, unfinished situations, recent events, and negative situations that have not happened yet.

الزبدة: The present perfect simple = has/have + the past participle, and it links a past event with its effect in the present. · Choosing the right time expression (since/for/just/already/yet/lately) depends on the meaning of the sentence. · The irregular verbs list is necessary in order to know the correct past participle.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
How do we form the present perfect simple?
Subject (he/she/it) + has (not) + past participle, or Subject (I/you/we/they) + have (not) + past participle.
When do we use ‘since’ and when do we use ‘for’?
We use ‘since’ to mark a point in time when something began (such as since 2000), and we use ‘for’ to mark a length of time (such as for many years).
Where is the word ‘yet’ used?
‘Yet’ is used only in questions and negative sentences, and it usually comes at the end of the sentence, as in: She has not done her work yet.
Correct the verb: Kuwait ______ (reduce) harmful emissions since it started using renewable energy.
has reduced
Name two uses of the present perfect simple with an example of each.
Past actions with results felt in the present (Kuwait has reduced its carbon emissions significantly), and experiences that happened at an unspecified time (Scientists have discovered new clean energy).
What is the difference in meaning between ‘just’ and ‘lately’?
‘Just’ means the action happened only a few moments ago, while ‘lately’ means it happened recently, over a general recent period.

الدرس 3: Listening & Speaking: Smart Homes / Powering a Greener GCC

  • Dr Khaled’s podcast explains that the real solution for a smart home is a combination of smart technology and daily behaviour, not technology alone.
  • Solar panels produce energy, smart lights turn off automatically in vacant rooms, smart meters track the electricity used, and smart thermostats control the temperature.
  • The Shagaya project in Kuwait uses three types of energy: solar panel energy, solar heat energy, and wind power.
  • The Sakaka plant in Saudi Arabia aims to produce 50% of the Kingdom’s energy from renewable sources, as part of Vision 2030.
  • Masdar City in Abu Dhabi is designed to produce zero emissions and to be a model for future cities without fossil fuels.
  • The Dhofar project in Oman is the first wind farm in the Arabian Gulf and supplies the national power grid with clean energy.

الزبدة: A truly smart home joins smart technology with responsible daily habits. · Each smart device (smart lights, solar panels, smart meters, smart thermostats) has a specific function for saving energy. · The Gulf countries (Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Oman) have leading renewable energy projects, each with its own aim and suitable location.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
What is the main idea of the podcast?
The steps to making eco-friendly choices.
According to Dr Khaled, what is the real solution to having a smart home?
A combination of smart technology and behaviour.
Match each device to its use: smart lights, solar panels, smart meters, smart thermostats.
Solar panels produce clean energy, smart lights turn off automatically in vacant rooms, smart meters track the electricity used in the home, and smart thermostats control the temperature and reduce unnecessary cooling or heating.
Why is the location of the Shagaya project in Kuwait considered ideal?
Because the desert location gets a great amount of sunlight, heat and wind throughout the year.
What is the aim of the Sakaka Solar Plant in Saudi Arabia?
To produce 50% of Saudi Arabia’s energy from renewable sources, as part of Saudi Vision 2030, enough to power almost 45,000 homes.
What makes the Dhofar project in Oman special?
It is the first wind farm in the Arabian Gulf, and it supplies the national power grid with clean electricity, which reduces the need for gas-powered stations.

الدرس 4: Writing: Power With Purpose

  • The warm-up task sorts the examples into Smart Technology (solar panels, wind turbines, smart meters) and Human Behaviour (turning off lights, using reusable bags, installing LED lights).
  • The model paragraph is made of a topic sentence, supporting ideas with specific examples, and a concluding sentence that usually begins with ‘Ultimately’.
  • The required paragraph structure: an introductory sentence, supporting idea 1 (responsible choices at home), supporting idea 2 (suggesting a smart technology), and a concluding sentence.
  • The required paragraph is no fewer than 8 sentences (about 90 words).
  • The language of giving suggestions: I suggest... / The best option would be to... / We should all consider... / A more sustainable suggestion is...
  • The Exit Ticket asks whether responsible actions can be applied at school, with a justification.

الزبدة: A good paragraph is built on a topic sentence, specific supporting ideas, and a concluding sentence that restates the introduction. · Telling smart technology apart from human behaviour helps to organise the ideas of writing about sustainability. · Suitable suggestion language makes recommendations more convincing and more professional.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
What is the minimum number of sentences and words required for the paragraph in this lesson?
At least 8 sentences, which is about 90 words.
Name the parts of the paragraph structure as given in the book’s outline.
An introductory sentence stating the main idea, supporting idea 1 explaining the responsible choices at home, supporting idea 2 suggesting a smart technology to install, and a concluding sentence that restates the introduction.
How does the concluding sentence of the model paragraph begin, and what is its function?
It begins with ‘Ultimately’, and its function is to restate the introductory sentence without copying it word for word.
Sort ‘solar panels’ and ‘turning off lights’ according to the book’s table.
Solar panels are Smart Technology, and turning off lights is Human Behaviour.
Name two expressions from the language of giving suggestions in this lesson.
Any two of: I suggest... / The best option would be to... / We should all consider... / A more sustainable suggestion is...
What is the Exit Ticket question in this lesson?
Do you think that responsible actions to protect the environment can be applied at school? Justify your answer.

الدرس 5: Reading: Think Before You Throw

  • Every product goes through a life cycle: extracting the raw materials, production, transport, sale, and then disposal.
  • Most used products end up in landfills and need hundreds of years to break down.
  • Thrifting means buying used items instead of new ones, which directly reduces the need for new production.
  • Upcycling means changing an old item into something completely new and different, not just reusing it as it is.
  • Examples of upcycling: turning an old blanket into a jacket, and turning an old tablet into an e-reader.
  • Second-hand markets have grown in Kuwait and the Gulf countries, such as Kuwait’s Friday Market.
  • The main idea: every simple action adds up when millions of people keep to it.

الزبدة: Understanding a product’s life cycle (extraction, production, transport, sale, disposal) is the first step towards more sustainable consumption decisions. · Thrifting and upcycling are two ways of reducing waste, but they are different: the first reuses the item as it is, and the second changes it into something new. · Real environmental change starts with small individual actions repeated on a wide scale.

الأسئلة المهمة (7)
Define ‘upcycling’ according to the text.
Changing an old item into something completely new and often more beautiful, instead of merely reusing it as it is.
What is the difference between thrifting and upcycling?
Thrifting is buying used items instead of new ones, while upcycling is changing an old item into something completely different and more beautiful.
Name the stages of a product’s life cycle as given in the text.
Extraction, then Production, then Transport, then Sale, and finally Disposal.
Give two examples of upcycling mentioned in the text.
Turning an old blanket into a thick jacket, and reusing an old tablet as an e-reader.
Give a reason: buying a second-hand item reduces environmental damage.
Because it directly reduces the need for new production, and therefore reduces the use of raw materials and factory emissions.
What is the main idea of the text according to the multiple-choice task?
Understanding how we use products (their life cycle) helps us protect the environment.
Where do most products end up after they are used, according to the text?
In landfills, where they may take hundreds of years to break down.

الدرس 6: Grammar: First Conditional & Modals

  • We use the first conditional to talk about the expected result of an imagined future situation.
  • The general form: If + present simple, + modal verb + base verb.
  • will = a certain outcome.
  • can = ability and possibility.
  • may = probability and uncertainty.
  • should = advice.
  • We do not use ‘will’ after ‘If’ in the if-clause; we use the present simple.

الزبدة: Choosing the right modal verb (will/can/may/should) completely changes the meaning of the conditional sentence. · After ‘If’ we always use the present simple, whatever the tense of the result clause. · The first conditional links a possible future cause with its logical result.

الأسئلة المهمة (7)
When do we use the first conditional?
To talk about the expected result of an imagined future situation.
What is the general form of the first conditional?
If + present simple, + modal verb + base verb.
Which modal verb do we use to express a certain outcome?
will
Which modal verb do we use to give advice?
should
What is the difference between using ‘can’ and ‘may’ in a conditional sentence?
‘Can’ expresses ability and possibility, while ‘may’ expresses probability and uncertainty.
Complete: «If we recycle our plastic bottles, we ___ certainly reduce waste.»
will
Correct the mistake: «If it will rain, we will stay home.»
If it rains, we will stay home. (‘will’ is never used after ‘If’)

الدرس 7: Listening & Speaking: Rethinking Waste / Throw-away Culture

  • The audio documentary presents several waste management systems around the world in an informative style, and its suitable alternative title is: Managing Waste All Over the World.
  • Comparing language: Compared to landfills, ... / Unlike incineration, this method... / Of all the methods, this one...
  • The life cycle of a product covers the starting material and the common problem it causes, as in the examples of the t-shirt, the mobile phone and the paper cup.
  • The one-minute documentary is built from: an opening hook, an explanation of the process, a problem, a solution, and final advice.
  • The language of explaining steps: It all begins when... / This is followed by... / Once this is done, ... / Without this step, ...
  • The new vocabulary covers waste management terms (bury, incineration, decompose, composting, densely) and product life cycle terms (brand-new, outlive, seldom, manufacture, strict).

الزبدة: Every country has its own waste management system, and comparing them needs precise comparing language. · Every product has a life cycle that begins with a raw material and ends with an environmental problem if it is not managed responsibly. · A good documentary begins with an attractive hook, explains the process clearly, and ends with a solution and a piece of advice.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
What is the purpose of the documentary narrator, as given in the book?
To inform the listeners of the various ways waste is managed.
Name two expressions from the comparing language in this lesson.
Any two of: Compared to landfills, ... / Unlike incineration, this method... / Of all the methods, this one...
What is the common problem connected with a mobile phone according to the book’s table?
Electronic waste outlives humans.
Name the parts of the one-minute documentary required in the production task.
An opening hook, the process, a problem, a solution, and final advice.
Name two expressions from the language of explaining steps in this lesson.
Any two of: It all begins when... / This is followed by... / Once this is done, ... / Without this step, ...
What is the common problem connected with a cotton t-shirt according to the book’s table?
It takes a long time to break down in landfills.

الدرس 8: Writing: Habits for a Better World + Group Project 1

  • The five eco-friendly habits are: Conserving Energy, Upcycling, Responsible Shopping, Thrifting and Recycling, and each one has its own specific example.
  • The linkers of Omar’s paragraph: ‘On the other hand’ for a second side, ‘However’ for contrast, ‘For example’ for an instance, ‘In addition to’ for adding an action, and ‘As a result’ for the outcome.
  • The graphic organiser is arranged in two columns, Inside the Home and Outside the Home, to gather the ideas of the expository essay.
  • The six steps of the group project: Roles, Strategic Research, Product Planning, Development, Rehearsal, Presentation.
  • After the presentation: self-reflection, peer-reflection, and naming a skill for future growth.
  • The four presentation assessment criteria: Voice & Fluency, Content & Organisation, Language Use, and Body Language.

الزبدة: Every eco-friendly habit (conserving energy, upcycling, responsible shopping, thrifting, recycling) has a clear practical example that is different from the others. · The right linking words tie the motive, the difficulty, the solution and the result together in one story. · A successful group project depends on a clear division of roles, on rehearsal, and on review before the final presentation.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
Match the habit ‘Upcycling’ with its correct detailed example.
Turning old glass jars into beautiful vases.
What is the job of the linker ‘However’ in Omar’s paragraph?
It shows an unexpected contrast: the task was more difficult than he expected, in spite of his excitement.
What is the job of the linker ‘As a result’ in Omar’s paragraph?
It states the final outcome of the events: the car ran more smoothly after it was fixed.
How is the graphic organiser in this lesson arranged?
In two columns: Inside the Home (such as daily energy-saving habits) and Outside the Home (such as shopping habits).
Name the six steps of the group project in order.
Roles, Strategic Research, Product Planning, Development, Rehearsal, and Presentation.
Name the four assessment criteria for the group project presentation.
Voice & Fluency, Content & Organisation, Language Use, and Body Language.

الوحدة 3Unit 3 — Exploring Heritage

الدرس 1: Reading: Cultural Ambassadors

  • Mohammad Al Sharekh was a Kuwaiti businessman (1942–2024) who introduced the Arabic language to computers and founded Sakhr Company in 1982.
  • Al Sharekh's achievements include Arabic keyboards, automatic translation, a free online dictionary and a digital collection of Arabic literature.
  • Hamza Al Khayat was a Kuwaiti language expert who devoted more than 40 years to improving the teaching of Arabic and directed the Linguistic Creativity Centre.
  • Al Khayat's works include his spelling encyclopaedia for primary school students and the book Learn the Hamza with Hamza.
  • A fact (Fact) is information that can be proved from the text, and an opinion (Opinion) is a personal judgement or evaluation.
  • The best title for Al Sharekh's profile is A Leader in Arabic Computing because it expresses the main idea of the text.

الزبدة: A cultural ambassador is a person who serves his language or culture with work whose effect lives on after him, as Al Sharekh and Al Khayat did. · Telling a fact from an opinion is a basic skill in critical reading. · Technology and education are both tools for protecting the Arabic language and spreading it, when they are used creatively.

الأسئلة المهمة (7)
When was Mohammad Al Sharekh born, and which company did he found?
He was born in 1942, and he founded Sakhr Company in 1982.
Name three of Mohammad Al Sharekh's achievements in Arabic computing.
Arabic keyboards, automatic translation programmes, and a free online Arabic dictionary (you may also add: a digital collection of Arabic literature, or more than ninety educational and cultural programmes).
What was Hamza Al Khayat's most important achievement in teaching spelling?
His spelling encyclopaedia for primary school students, which used fun activities and exercises to improve students' spelling, reading and writing skills.
Choose the best title for the main idea of Al Sharekh's profile from the four options, and justify your choice.
c) A Leader in Arabic Computing, because it is the widest description of his achievements in the field of Arabic computing.
Fact or opinion? 'Mohammad Al Sharekh's work was very important for the Arabic language.'
Opinion, because it carries a personal judgement in the words 'very important' and is not information that can be proved with a number or a date.
Why are both figures (Al Sharekh and Al Khayat) considered cultural ambassadors?
Because each of them used his own field (technology or education) to serve the Arabic language, to spread it and to protect it as part of our cultural identity.
What does Hamza Al Khayat's distribution of thousands of free copies of his books show about his values?
It shows his sincerity and his real wish to help as many students as possible to learn Arabic, rather than to make money.

الدرس 2: Grammar: Non-Defining Relative Clauses

  • A non-defining relative clause adds extra information that is not necessary to understand the basic sentence.
  • who for people, which for things, whose for possession, where for places, when for time.
  • You must always put a comma before the relative clause and a comma immediately after it.
  • 'That' may never be used in a non-defining relative clause.
  • These clauses are used to add details, give additional description, or provide background information in writing and speaking.
  • The general form: Noun + , + relative pronoun + subject + verb + , + rest of sentence.

الزبدة: If you remove the non-defining relative clause, the basic sentence is still complete in meaning. · Choosing the right relative pronoun depends on the type of noun it describes: a person, a thing, a possession, a place or a time. · The commas and the ban on 'that' are the two rules students get wrong most often.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
Define the non-defining relative clause.
It is a clause that adds extra information about a noun already mentioned; this information is not necessary to understand the main sentence, and if it is removed the sentence is still complete.
Name the five relative pronouns and say what each one describes.
who for people, which for things (and places, according to the Grammar File), whose for possession, where for places, and when for time.
Give a reason: why do we not use 'that' in a non-defining relative clause?
Because the book's rule is clear: 'My friend, who lives near me, is funny' is correct, while 'My friend, that lives near me, is funny' is wrong; 'that' is never used in non-defining relative clauses.
What is the obligatory rule about punctuation in this kind of clause?
You must put a comma before the relative clause and another comma immediately after it; without the commas the sentence is grammatically wrong.
Fill in the gap with the suitable relative pronoun: Many artists, ______ are inspired by nature and culture, use Arabic letters.
who (because it describes people: the artists).
What is the purpose of using non-defining relative clauses, according to the Grammar File?
To add extra details, to give additional description, and to provide background information.

الدرس 3: Listening & Speaking: Stories Beyond the Walls / Big Dreamers

  • The listening lesson deals with historic forts in the Gulf countries with the vocabulary: narrow, passage, surround, expand, watchtower.
  • The KWL questions (K: what do I know? W: what do I want to know? L: what did I learn?) organise your thinking before and after listening.
  • The solved example in the forts table: The Bahla Fort in Oman, with the feature narrow passages, and it is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
  • The most logical title for the podcast is Built to Protect because forts are built for protection, and this is confirmed by actually listening.
  • The speaking lesson Big Dreamers presents three inspiring characters: Sara (space), Nasser (humanitarian work), Rashid (documenting culture).
  • The My Future Profile guide has five parts: Introduction, Inspiration, Achievement, Impact, Message.
  • The vocabulary of the speaking lesson: mechanical, award, conference, insightful, document.

الزبدة: Effective listening depends on setting the purpose of listening first (such as choosing a title or completing a table) before playing the audio. · KWL is a thinking tool used before learning (K and W) and after it (L) to organise understanding. · Talking about future achievements needs a clear structure: who I am, who inspired me, what I achieved, how I made an impact, and what my message is.

الأسئلة المهمة (7)
Name the five new words in the listening lesson Stories Beyond the Walls.
narrow, passage, surround, expand, and watchtower.
What do the letters KWL mean, and what is the job of each letter?
K = What do you know (before the lesson), W = What do you want to know, L = What did you learn (after the lesson).
From the solved example in the table: in which country is the Bahla Fort, what is its feature, and is it a World Heritage Site?
It is in Oman, its feature is narrow passages, and yes, it is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
What did Sara achieve in 2021 and in 2023?
In 2021 she received an international award in space science, and in 2023 she became the first Kuwaiti and Arab woman to represent her country at a major international space conference.
Why does Rashid focus on documenting culture and traditions in his videos?
To help preserve cultural heritage for future generations.
Name the five parts of the My Future Profile speaking guide.
Introduction (who I am), Inspiration (who inspired me), Achievement (what I achieved), Impact (how my work helped), and Message (my message).
If you needed help building a hospital in a village, which character from Big Dreamers would you call, and why?
Nasser, because his charity organisation builds schools and hospitals and provides healthcare and education to poor communities.

الدرس 4: Writing: Honour, Inspire, Remember

  • A good paragraph has three parts: a Topic Sentence, Supporting Ideas, and a Concluding Sentence.
  • The task: a paragraph of no fewer than 8 sentences (about 90 words) about ways to honour distinguished people, with examples.
  • Ways of honouring in the model paragraph: naming schools and buildings, creating awards, displaying work in museums, organising events and national days.
  • Linkers organise the paragraph, such as: One common way, Another way, In addition, For example, Therefore.
  • The concluding sentence restates the main idea and does not add a new one.
  • The outline before writing includes: an introductory sentence, two supporting ideas each with an example, and a concluding sentence.

الزبدة: An organised paragraph = a topic sentence + supporting ideas with examples + a concluding sentence. · Honouring people does not only thank them; it also inspires others to follow their path. · Planning with an outline before writing makes the paragraph more organised and clearer.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
What are the three parts that make up a good paragraph?
The Topic Sentence, the Supporting Ideas, and the Concluding Sentence.
What length is required for the writing paragraph in this lesson?
No fewer than 8 sentences, that is, about 90 words.
Name two ways of honouring distinguished people as they appear in the model paragraph.
Naming schools or buildings after them, and creating awards or prizes in their name to encourage others to follow their example.
Give a reason: why is honouring distinguished people important, according to the concluding sentence of the model paragraph?
Because it inspires future generations to achieve success and serve their country.
Name four of the linkers used in the model paragraph.
One common way, Another way, In addition, For example (and it ends with Therefore).
What are the four elements your outline must include before you write?
An introductory sentence stating the importance of honouring, a first supporting idea (a way + a reason + an example), a second supporting idea (a way + a reason + an example), and a concluding sentence restating the introductory sentence.

الدرس 5: Reading: Can Technology Save Heritage?

  • Japan is an example of a continuous culture that balances technological progress with the preservation of heritage.
  • Preserving heritage helps people understand who they are and connect with their history and values.
  • Japan uses technology to support heritage, not to cancel it, for example robots designed to respect social rules.
  • Schools, websites and museums help to teach and publish Japanese heritage at home and overseas.
  • The text is built from four paragraphs with clear functions: introduction, explaining the importance, support through technology, conclusion.
  • Preserving heritage does not mean stopping progress; it means respecting cultural roots while using modern tools.

الزبدة: Technology can be a tool for protecting heritage rather than a threat to it. · Understanding cultural identity starts with respecting traditions and roots. · Every paragraph in a well-organised text has a clear function that serves the writer's purpose.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
Why is Japan considered a strong example of balancing tradition and technology?
Because it is a very advanced country technologically but at the same time it protects its values and traditions, and it uses technology to support its heritage instead of ignoring it.
How do robots in Japan show respect for people?
They keep a polite distance, wait patiently, and do not interrupt people.
Why might technology be useful for young people learning about their culture?
Because websites, apps, videos and online tours make heritage information easy to reach and enjoyable, even for those living outside the country.
State the function of each of the four paragraphs of the text.
Paragraph 1: introduces the topic and main idea. Paragraph 2: explains why preserving heritage is important. Paragraph 3: shows how technology supports heritage. Paragraph 4: gives a conclusion.
Give two examples of Japanese traditions that are still alive today, as mentioned in the text.
The tea ceremony, and kimono-making and calligraphy.
Give a reason: preserving heritage does not mean stopping progress.
Because a country can respect its cultural roots and use modern tools at the same time, as Japan does, so it keeps its culture alive for future generations while it keeps up with development.

الدرس 6: Grammar: Past Simple & Past Continuous

  • The Past Simple (Verb 2) is for short completed actions, such as: I saw a bird.
  • The Past Continuous (was/were + Verb-ing) is for long actions in progress or in the background, such as: I was walking.
  • 'When' joins a short action (Past Simple) with a long action (Past Continuous) that it interrupts.
  • 'While' and 'as' are always followed by the long action (Past Continuous); the second half of the sentence may be a short Past Simple action or another Past Continuous action happening at the same time.
  • 'As' is like 'while' in meaning but is more common in storytelling.
  • In the tourist story: saw, noticed and entered are short verbs, while was walking, was trying and were praying are long actions in progress.

الزبدة: Past Simple = a short action that finished; Past Continuous = a long action that was going on in the background. · The linking word decides the verb next to it: 'when' takes the short Past Simple verb, and 'while/as' take the long Past Continuous verb. · Choosing the right form depends on the question: is the action completed and short, or in progress in the background?

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
What is the form of the Past Simple, and when do we use it?
The form: Subject + Verb 2. It is used for a short completed action that happened and finished in the past, such as: She opened the door.
What is the form of the Past Continuous, and when do we use it?
The form: was/were + Verb+ing. It is used for a long action in progress or in the background, usually interrupted by a short action, such as: They were playing football.
What is the difference between using 'when' and using 'while/as'?
The verb straight after 'when' is the short one in the Past Simple, and the verb straight after 'while/as' is the long one in the Past Continuous. After 'while/as' the second half of the sentence may be a short Past Simple action (While the children were watching a folk dance, the music stopped) or another long Past Continuous action (While I was studying, my brother was watching TV).
Correct the verbs: As a tourist (walk) through the Al-Mirqab area, he (see) a mosque.
was walking / saw — because walking is a long action in progress (after as) and saw is a short completed action.
When was Ali Al-Shamlan Mosque, mentioned in the book's story, built?
It was built in 1920.
Sort these verbs into completed short actions or actions in progress: entered, were praying, noticed, was trying.
Completed short actions (Past Simple): entered, noticed. Actions in progress (Past Continuous): were praying, was trying.

الدرس 7: Listening & Speaking: Sadu Weaving / Hidden Gems

  • The lesson is called 'Continuous Culture: Sadu Weaving' and deals with Sadu weaving as Kuwaiti heritage that continues today.
  • The new vocabulary of the Sadu text: identity, dye, decorative, classic, bridge.
  • The listening text is an 'informational talk', so its purpose is to inform and its tone is informative.
  • The listening activity goes through three stages: Pre-Listening, While-Listening, Post-Listening.
  • The post-listening activity: designing a personal Sadu product and justifying the choice.
  • The 'Hidden Gems' text talks about The Secret Garden in Salmiya, a place that expresses values such as kindness and cooperation.
  • Useful language for making suggestions and agreeing with them is used when discussing ideas that support the culture.

الزبدة: Describing the text as an 'informational talk' is the key to deciding the speaker's purpose and tone: to inform. · Every listening activity in the book goes through three fixed stages: before, while and after listening. · Expressing the importance of a heritage item needs a clear justification with particular language expressions. · Cultural values (such as the letters of KUWAIT) can be linked to practical ideas such as technology apps that support heritage.

الأسئلة المهمة (8)
What is the main purpose of the listening talk about Sadu weaving?
To inform listeners about Sadu weaving (option d), because the text is described as an informational talk.
Describe the tone of the speaker in the listening text.
It is informative, because he gives facts about Sadu and about the Sadu Society.
Name the five new words in the Sadu weaving lesson and give their meanings.
identity (the sense of who we are), dye (a colouring substance), decorative (made to look attractive), classic (traditional and lasting), bridge (to connect the past with the present).
What are the three stages of the listening activity in the book?
Pre-Listening, While-Listening, and Post-Listening.
Give two expressions from the Useful Language for expressing importance.
It is important because... / It plays an important role in...
What is the name of the hidden heritage place mentioned in the Hidden Gems text, and where is it?
The Secret Garden, and it is in Salmiya.
What are the six values that the letters of the word KUWAIT stand for in the Hidden Gems activity?
Kindness, Unity, Wisdom, Appreciation, Innovation, Tradition.
Give two expressions for making a suggestion from the Useful Language box in the speaking activity.
We could try to... / What about...?

الدرس 8: Writing: Preserving Heritage

  • The writing lesson 'Preserving Heritage' begins with correcting an AI-generated passage that has spelling mistakes (adding the missing letter i).
  • There are five types of hook: imaginative, personal connection, quote-style, question, statement.
  • The brainstorming map organises four supporting reasons taken from the model passage.
  • The structure of the model paragraph: a general sentence, then Firstly / In addition / Moreover to present the reasons, then In conclusion for the ending.
  • The required essay structure: an introduction + two body paragraphs with reasons and examples + a conclusion.
  • The RAFT table sets the Role, the Audience, the Format and the Topic before writing.

الزبدة: Correcting spelling and identifying the type of hook are two basic steps before writing any essay. · Every reason paragraph in the model essay starts with a linker such as Firstly / In addition / Moreover. · Choosing the role and the audience from the RAFT table decides the style and the language of the writing.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
What are the five types of hook mentioned in the lesson?
Imaginative, Personal connection, Quote-style, Question, and Statement.
Correct these words by adding the missing letter i: ther, hertage, patence.
their, heritage, patience.
What is the essay structure required in this lesson?
An introduction, then two body paragraphs with reasons and examples, then a conclusion.
Name the four elements of the RAFT table.
Role, Audience, Format, and Topic.
What is the function of the brainstorming map in the pre-writing activity?
To organise the supporting ideas (Reason 1 to 4) taken from the model paragraph before starting to write.
Name three linkers used by the model paragraph to present the reasons.
Firstly, In addition, and Moreover.

الوحدة 4Unit 4 — Citizenship

الدرس 1: Reading: Timeless Growth

  • The text Timeless Growth is a timeline that tells the development of Kuwait from the 17th century until today.
  • The name 'Kuwait' is derived from 'Al-Kut', which means a small fort built near the sea.
  • The 18th century: Kuwait became a well-known trading port, and the Al Sabah family governed the country and still does.
  • The 19th century: the economy flourished with pearl diving and shipbuilding; and in 1911 Sheikh Mubarak Al-Sabah established Al-Mubarakiya School, the beginning of formal education.
  • The 1930s: the discovery of oil changed the path of the state and sped up modernisation (schools, hospitals, transport).
  • 1961: Kuwait's full independence. 1962: Sheikh Abdullah Al-Salem signed the Constitution.
  • Today Kuwait plays the role of a peacemaker and a regional mediator in international affairs.
  • The prefixes in- and un- reverse the meaning of the base word (dependence → independence, ending → unending).

الزبدة: Over centuries Kuwait changed from small coastal villages into a modern state with an influential regional role. · The great milestones: the origin of the name, the 18th-century port, education in 1911, the oil of the 1930s, independence in 1961, the Constitution in 1962. · Understanding the text depends on following the main idea of each period and linking them by cause and effect.

الأسئلة المهمة (8)
What was the original meaning of the name 'Al-Kut', from which the name Kuwait comes?
A small fort built near the sea.
How did formal education in Kuwait begin during the time of Sheikh Mubarak Al-Sabah?
With the founding of Al-Mubarakiya School in 1911.
Why was the year 1962 a defining moment in Kuwait's history?
Because Sheikh Abdullah Al-Salem signed the Constitution in that year, the document of the written law of the State of Kuwait.
What is the main idea of the section titled 'The 1930s'?
The discovery of oil led to the transformation of Kuwait into a modern state.
What does the word 'transformation' mean as it comes in the 17th century section?
It means change.
What does the pronoun 'its' refer to in the 18th century section?
It refers to 'the State of Kuwait'.
What does the text suggest about Kuwait's current role in the world?
That it serves as a key peacemaker in international affairs.
Find the base word of 'independence' and 'unending'.
The base of independence is dependence, and the base of unending is ending.

الدرس 2: Grammar: Reported Speech

  • Reported speech reports what another person said without quotation marks, and it usually begins with a reporting verb followed by 'that'.
  • The backshift rule: Present Simple → Past Simple, Past Simple → Past Perfect, Future Simple (will) → would.
  • The pronouns change to suit the person who reports the speech: I → he/she, we → they, my → his/her, and so on.
  • The time and place expressions change: now → then, tomorrow → the next day, yesterday → the day before, here → there.
  • Reporting verbs are not limited to 'said'; they include argued, claimed, suggested, insisted, mentioned and others.
  • A reference example to remember: "The government will always work hard to protect national flowers," said the official. → The official said that the government would always work hard to protect national flowers.

الزبدة: Reported speech = a reporting verb + (that) + a clause whose tense has shifted one step back from the original. · Three elements always change when reporting: the verb tense, the pronouns, and the time and place expressions. · 'Will' always turns into 'would' in reported speech.

الأسئلة المهمة (7)
What is the general rule for the change of the verb tense when turning direct speech into reported speech?
The verb steps one tense backwards: Present Simple becomes Past Simple, Past Simple becomes Past Perfect, and Future Simple (will) becomes would.
Convert: "I work in Kuwait City now," she said, into reported speech.
She said (that) she worked in Kuwait City then.
Convert: "We visited the museum yesterday," they said, into reported speech.
They said (that) they had visited the museum the day before.
Name three reporting verbs other than 'said' that appear in the paragraph about the environmental expert.
argued, claimed, suggested (or insisted, expressed the view).
How does the word 'tomorrow' change in reported speech?
It becomes 'the next day'.
Convert the sentence: "The government will always work hard to protect national flowers," said the official, into reported speech.
The official said that the government would always work hard to protect national flowers.
How does the pronoun 'my' change in reported speech?
It changes to 'his' or 'her', according to the person whose words are reported.

الدرس 3: Listening & Speaking: An Address to the Nation / The Golden Rule

  • His Highness the Amir's speech addresses the people as a leader, a father and a person responsible before Allah, all at once.
  • Trust between the leadership and the people is what keeps Kuwait strong, and the citizens are the first line of defence.
  • The speech advises people to be responsible and to stay aware of the challenges, and it ends with a hopeful prayer for Kuwait's safety.
  • The Golden Rule: treating others as you would like to be treated yourself.
  • The Golden Rule is applied in practice by helping those in need: carrying heavy bags, checking on elderly neighbours, sharing notes with an absent classmate.
  • The school campaign 'Altruism in Action' offers three ideas: Adopt a Corner, The Kindness Wall, Academic Helper.
  • Expressions of obligation: It is necessary to... / We must/have to... / We have an obligation to...

الزبدة: Loyalty to the country is translated into mutual trust between the leadership and the people and into shared responsibility. · The Golden Rule is the basis of civic behaviour: treat others as you would like to be treated. · Volunteering and altruism are two practical ways of applying the values of good citizenship in daily life.

الأسئلة المهمة (8)
What is the primary purpose of His Highness the Amir's opening statement in his speech (Section 1)?
To establish a personal connection with the citizens.
What does His Highness the Amir advise the audience to do regarding the challenges (Section 4)?
To be responsible and stay aware.
How does His Highness the Amir end his speech?
With a hopeful prayer for Kuwait's safety.
According to the content of the speech, what keeps Kuwait strong?
Trust between the leadership and the people.
Define the 'Golden Rule'.
The principle of treating others as you would like to be treated yourself.
What is the suitable response if your neighbour is elderly and lives alone?
It is necessary to check on my neighbours regularly.
Name the three ideas suggested for the 'Altruism in Action' campaign.
Adopt a Corner, The Kindness Wall, and Academic Helper.
Give two expressions for expressing obligation from the 'Useful Language' box.
It is necessary to... and We must/have to protect... (or We have an obligation to...).

الدرس 4: Writing: The Digital Diwan

  • 'Diwan' is an Arabic word that means a collection of stories or poems used to document heritage.
  • The basic cause-and-effect linkers: so, as a result, therefore, thus, used to link a cause with its effect.
  • The 'Digital Diwan' paragraph must be no fewer than 8 sentences (about 90 words).
  • The structure of the paragraph: an introductory sentence (purpose and idea) ← supporting idea 1 (the importance) ← supporting idea 2 (the positive effects) ← a concluding sentence (restating the introduction).
  • Expressions for stating purpose: This report aims to... / The aim is to...
  • Expressions for listing benefits: This is important... / If we follow this... / It will result in...
  • The self-assessment checklist checks: organisation, use of the useful language, the cause linkers, and spelling and punctuation.

الزبدة: Good writing about a social issue links a cause with its effect using clear linkers (so, as a result, therefore, thus). · An organised paragraph begins with a sentence that states the purpose and ends with a sentence that restates the same idea. · Documenting the stories of our grandparents preserves Kuwaiti heritage and the bond between the generations.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
What does the word 'Diwan' mean, as it appears in the lesson?
An Arabic word that means a collection of stories or poems used to document heritage.
Name three cause-and-effect linkers that appear in the text of the interview with the father.
as a result, therefore, thus (and also so).
What is the minimum number of sentences and words required for the 'Digital Diwan' paragraph?
No fewer than 8 sentences, that is, about 90 words.
Name the four elements of the paragraph structure as they appear in the book.
An introductory sentence stating the purpose and the idea, a first supporting idea about the importance of the app, a second supporting idea about the positive effects on society, and a concluding sentence restating the introduction.
Give two 'Useful Language' expressions for stating a purpose and two for listing benefits.
For stating purpose: This report aims to... / The aim is to... For listing benefits: This is important... / It will result in...
What are the four items on the self-assessment checklist for the paragraph?
The organisation of the ideas, the use of the useful language, the use of cause-and-effect linkers, and correct spelling, capitalisation and punctuation.

الدرس 5: Reading: Law, Values, and Universal Citizenship

  • The law is part of our daily lives, and it is more than a list of rules; it connects our values with the way we live together (the social contract).
  • The most important values are justice, equality and freedom, and they create the 'norms'.
  • Informal norms (folkways) are simple daily habits that carry no legal punishment but keep society organised.
  • In some societies (in the South Pacific) there are no written laws but a system of exchange, and the punishment is 'public embarrassment'.
  • Universal laws such as traffic rules apply to everyone without exception.
  • Respecting laws and customs makes the responsible 'global citizen'.

الزبدة: The law is not just rules; it is an expression of the values of society (justice, equality, freedom). · Informal norms and formal laws together keep society organised. · Respecting local and universal laws makes the 'global citizen'.

الأسئلة المهمة (7)
What is a 'social contract'?
An agreement in which citizens agree to follow rules that keep everyone safe, and which connects their beliefs with the way they live together.
Why might 'public embarrassment' be an effective punishment in a small community?
Because people in small communities care about their reputation and their relationships, so public embarrassment is a stronger social punishment than a fine.
Give one example of a universal law mentioned in the text.
A red traffic light means 'stop' in every nation.
How does respecting laws and customs contribute to a student's development?
It helps him grow as a responsible global citizen who understands the values shared by all people.
What is the main idea of the 1st paragraph?
Legal rules affect almost every part of our daily lives.
In the 1st paragraph, what does the underlined word 'It' refer to?
The law.
What is the writer's tone when discussing 'folkways'?
Informative and encouraging.

الدرس 6: Grammar: Future Tenses & Countable/Uncountable Nouns

  • We use 'will' to predict the future based on our opinion or our experience.
  • We use '(be) going to' for an intention or a plan decided earlier, or a prediction based on present evidence.
  • We use the present continuous (be + verb+ing) for a fixed, definite arrangement with a set time and place.
  • A countable noun can be counted and has a singular and a plural (book/books), and some have irregular plurals (child/children, man/men).
  • An uncountable noun usually has no plural (money, information, homework, advice).
  • We use few/many with countable nouns, and little/much with uncountable nouns.

الزبدة: Choosing the right future form depends on the purpose: a prediction, an intention, or a fixed arrangement. · Telling countable from uncountable nouns decides the plural form and the quantifier that goes with them.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
What is the difference between 'will' and '(be) going to' in talking about the future?
'Will' is for a general prediction based on opinion or experience, and 'going to' is for an intention or a plan decided earlier, or a prediction based on clear present evidence.
When do we use the present continuous to talk about the future?
For fixed arrangements with a set time and place, as in: The bus is leaving at 8:00 a.m.
Give two examples of uncountable nouns from the lesson.
money, information (homework, advice, news and furniture are also accepted).
Give an irregular plural of a countable noun that appears in the lesson.
child → children, or man → men, or woman → women, or person → people.
Which quantifier goes with a countable noun for a large amount? And what is its equivalent with an uncountable noun?
'Many' with a countable noun, and 'much' with an uncountable noun.
Classify the two words 'bus' and 'research' as countable or uncountable.
'Bus' is a countable noun, and 'research' is an uncountable noun.

الدرس 7: Listening & Speaking: Living Monuments / The Invisible Safeguard

  • Lesson Nine (Listening): an audio conversation between Ms Asmaa and her students Jumana and Yasmin about Kuwait's most famous monuments and how they link the past with the future.
  • The Qurain Martyrs' House is described as a symbol of loyalty, and the design of the National Museum links the history of pearl diving with Kuwait's modern future.
  • The new listening vocabulary: monument, skyline, symbolise, rare, showcase.
  • Lesson Ten (Speaking): preparing a short speech about the importance of school exam regulations as a protection for the student, not a punishment.
  • The new speaking vocabulary: regulation, character, record, lasting, mature.
  • The presentation survey asks about the link between a person's character at 15 and at 35, the importance of records, and the difficulty of erasing the past.
  • The language of agreement (I strongly agree that...) and the language of explaining responsible choices (Following rules would lead to...) are basic tools for the speech and the discussion.

الزبدة: Historical monuments document our identity and connect the past with the future. · Understanding school regulations as a 'safeguard' protects the student's future rather than punishing him. · A good speech needs ordered ideas and functional language for giving an opinion and explaining reasons.

الأسئلة المهمة (7)
What is the main idea of the listening dialogue in the lesson Living Monuments?
Landmarks that connect our past to our future.
Which Kuwaiti landmark is described as a 'symbol of loyalty' in the dialogue?
The Qurain Martyrs' House.
What does the design of the Kuwait National Museum connect, according to the dialogue?
It connects our pearl-diving history with our modern future.
What is the speech task in the lesson The Invisible Safeguard, and how long should it be?
Preparing a speech of 40 seconds to one minute about exam regulations, as part of an awareness campaign of the Ministry of Education.
Name the three ideas suggested to help you write the speech.
The importance of understanding the rules as a safeguard rather than a punishment, the lasting benefits of a good school record, and how to raise awareness among students so that they become mature citizens.
Give two expressions from the 'language of agreement' that you can use in your speech.
I strongly agree that... / It is often agreed that...
What do your classmates assess in your speech during the peer assessment?
Whether you explained how the rules protect students, the clarity and audibility of your voice, your eye contact with the audience, and your use of the expressions of the Useful Language box.

الدرس 8: Writing: National Duty + Group Project 2

  • The qualities of good citizenship are linked with specific everyday actions, not only with general descriptions.
  • The three linkers: 'In this article, ...' to introduce the topic of the essay, 'To sum up, ...' for the conclusion, and 'Likewise, ...' to add a similar idea.
  • A good concluding sentence (E) is directly related to the topic of the essay and is specific; a weak one (W) is general or informal; and a not-related one (NR) is completely off the topic.
  • The three quotations of Kuwait's leaders can be used to open the introduction of an essay about national duty.
  • The six steps of the module group project: Roles, Strategic Research, Product Planning, Development, Rehearsal, Presentation.
  • The four presentation assessment criteria: Voice & Fluency, Content & Organisation, Language Use, and Body Language.

الزبدة: An attractive hook and a strong conclusion need a quotation or an idea directly related to the topic of the essay, not a general idea. · The right linker fixes the function of the sentence in the essay: introducing, adding, or concluding. · A successful group project depends on a clear division of roles, rehearsal and checking before the final presentation.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
Give one of the quotations of Kuwait's leaders used to open the essay of this lesson.
Any of the three, for example: 'The love of Kuwait comes before the love of self, wealth and children in the heart of every citizen.' — His Highness Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah.
What is the function of the linker 'To sum up, ...' according to the book?
It is used to conclude the essay or to summarise its main points at the end.
Why was the sentence 'Ultimately, by demonstrating civil responsibility, we play a critical role in shaping the future' rated Excellent (E)?
Because it is specific and directly related to the topic of civil responsibility, and it links the idea with a clear future.
Why was the sentence 'In conclusion, I think that the national football team will win the upcoming matches' rated Not Related (NR)?
Because it has nothing at all to do with the topic of the essay about good citizenship and national duty.
Name the six steps of the module group project in order.
Roles, Strategic Research, Product Planning, Development, Rehearsal, and Presentation.
Name the four assessment criteria for the group project presentation.
Voice & Fluency, Content & Organisation, Language Use, and Body Language.

كتاب الطالب· Student's Book

الوحدة 1Unit 1 — Festivals and occasions

الدرس 1: Reading: Hala February Festival & Qurain Cultural Festival

  • The Hala February Festival is an annual Kuwaiti festival that was launched in 1999 and takes place in spring.
  • It coincides with National Day on 25th February and Liberation Day on 26th February, so it is a patriotic celebration.
  • It offers culture, entertainment, shopping, carnivals, raffles and contests, and shops give huge discounts, so it is an important economic event.
  • The Qurain Cultural Festival is held annually from late November to early December and is organised by the NCCAL.
  • It offers a multitude of concerts, exhibitions and film screenings, and participation in all activities is free of charge.
  • It honours leading contributors to Kuwaiti culture with 'Appreciation', 'Encouragement' and 'Personality of the Year' awards.

الزبدة: Hala February is mainly a patriotic and popular festival, while Qurain is mainly a cultural and artistic one. · A festival can serve a country in three ways at the same time: national feeling, culture and the economy. · Skimming is the reading skill you use to find dates, names and facts quickly in a long article.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
When does each of the two festivals take place?
The Hala February Festival takes place during the spring season and coincides with National Day on 25th February and Liberation Day on 26th February. The Qurain Cultural Festival is held annually from late November to early December.
Why is the Hala February Festival described as a patriotic celebration?
Because it coincides with National Day on 25th February and Liberation Day on 26th February, and because in just a decade it has become a national and touristic phenomenon that inspires a sense of patriotism for Kuwaitis and for the citizens of Kuwait's sister countries.
How does the Qurain Cultural Festival reward and honour artists?
Every year certain personalities are awarded 'Appreciation' and 'Encouragement' awards for their work in disciplines such as engraving, short story writing, translation and TV direction, and there is also a 'Personality of the Year' award.
What does each festival have to offer its visitors?
Hala February offers a wondrous mix of culture, entertainment, shopping, carnivals, raffles and contests, and many shops offer huge discounts. Qurain offers a multitude of concerts, exhibitions, film screenings and other artistic events, supported by engaging activities and seminars, and participation is free of charge.
Explain how the surrounding desert changes during the Hala February Festival.
It is transformed from scorched sands to a green canopy of blossoming and vibrant flora, and migratory birds and animals arrive, which adds extra colour to the charm of the festival.
Who organises the Qurain Cultural Festival, and for how long has it been running?
It is organised by the NCCAL, the National Council for Culture, Arts and Letters, and it has been running for more than 15 years.

الدرس 2: Grammar: Modal verbs; Intensifiers

  • can / can't / could / couldn't + base form of the verb express ability in the present and the past.
  • be able to + base form is used to make other tenses, such as the present perfect and the will future.
  • could is used for general ability in the past, but managed to or be able to must be used for one particular occasion.
  • couldn't is normally used for negative sentences, even about one occasion.
  • An intensifier is an adverb that modifies an adjective or another adverb, and it comes before the word it modifies.
  • The intensifiers of this unit are quite, really, very, a little, pretty, brand, fairly, extremely and absolutely.

الزبدة: The question is always: is this a general ability, or one particular occasion? The answer decides between could and managed to / was able to. · The negative couldn't is free: it works for general ability and for one occasion. · An intensifier makes an adjective or adverb stronger or weaker, and its place is directly before that word.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
What is the difference between 'could' and 'managed to' when we talk about the past?
We use 'could' for a general ability in the past, for example: I could swim when I was four years old. We use 'managed to' (or 'was/were able to') for a particular occasion in the past, especially for something difficult that we achieved: The door was locked, but we managed to get out by breaking a window.
Why do we need 'be able to' if we already have 'can'?
Because 'be able to' lets us make other tenses and talk about other times. The book gives: I haven't been able to walk since I broke my leg (present perfect), and I hope I'll be able to see better when I get my new glasses (will future).
Which of the sentences in exercise 1 show a general ability, and which show ability on one occasion?
General ability: (a) I can't drive, and (d) We couldn't speak the language very well. Ability on one occasion: (b) I couldn't even see the people standing around me, (c) We couldn't afford to fly home, (e) the train was able to start, and (f) he managed to start the engine.
What other verb could replace 'managed to' in the sentence: Fortunately, he managed to start the engine?
It can be replaced by 'was able to': Fortunately, he was able to start the engine. It cannot be replaced by 'could', because the sentence talks about one particular occasion.
Define an intensifier and say where it goes in the sentence.
An intensifier is an adverb which is used to modify adjectives and adverbs, but which is not usually used to modify verbs, such as quite, really, very, a little, pretty, brand, fairly, extremely and absolutely. Intensifiers come before the words they modify, for example: The film was quite good.
Why is 'could' correct in 'I could hear the sound of bagpipes', although it is one occasion?
Because 'hear' is a verb of the senses. With verbs such as see, hear, feel, smell and taste we normally use could even when we talk about one occasion.

الدرس 3: Vocabulary & Pronunciation: Phrasal verbs with go; Parts of speech; Elision

  • A phrasal verb combines a verb with a preposition, and its meaning is often different from the verb on its own.
  • go out = stop burning; go on = continue; go off = start ringing suddenly; go away = leave for another place; go up = increase; go without = manage without something.
  • The parts-of-speech table shows the noun, verb, adjective and adverb forms of the same word family.
  • Some word families have no adverb (celebration, crowd) and some have no verb (festivity, joy, extravagance).
  • Elision means that when people speak quickly they join words together and a sound disappears.
  • The sounds that usually disappear are /t/ and /d/, as in wanted to, couldn't afford, next station and danced down.

الزبدة: Learn a phrasal verb as one whole item, because 'go' plus a preposition makes a completely new meaning. · Word families let you change one word into four parts of speech, which is what the exam table tests. · Elision is a normal feature of fast, natural English, not a mistake.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
What is a phrasal verb, and give three examples with 'go' from the lesson.
A phrasal verb combines a verb with a preposition, and the whole phrase has a new meaning. Examples: the lights went out (stopped shining), this went on for ten minutes (continued), and the price of bread has gone up (increased).
What is the difference in meaning between 'go off' and 'go out'?
'go off' means to start ringing or making a loud noise suddenly, as in: When the fire bell went off, the students had to leave the classroom. 'go out' means to stop shining or burning, as in: The lights went out and everything was completely black.
Complete the word family: celebration, ......, ......, and say which form does not exist.
The verb is 'celebrate' and the adjective is 'celebratory'. The book marks the adverb with three dots, which means this word family has no adverb in normal use.
Give the noun and the adjective that belong with the adverb 'festively'.
The noun is 'festivity' and the adjective is 'festive'; this word family has no verb, which is why the book puts three dots in the verb column.
What is elision? Explain it with one example from the book.
Elision is what happens when people speak quickly: they join words together and sometimes two sounds become one, so a letter is not heard. For example, in 'We wanted to go to Scotland' the -ed of 'wanted' disappears and the two words sound like one: 'wanto'.
Why do prices go up or go down? (Exercise 1b, book)
Prices go up when a product becomes rare or when many people want it, and they go down when there is a large amount of it or when shops offer discounts, as happens during the Hala February Festival.

الدرس 4: Listening & Speaking: Describing festivals

  • The recording (1.2) has three speakers, each describing an interesting festival they have experienced.
  • Key words: intricate = very complicated or detailed; festivity = celebrating in a bubbly and exuberant way; commemorate = to mark a special occasion.
  • buzzing = an atmosphere of excitement; Tibetan = from Tibet; fantastic = imaginative or extraordinary; carnival = a yearly period of public celebration.
  • In a True/False task you must also justify: write the evidence if it is true, or the correct information if it is false.
  • National Day in Kuwait is on 25th February and Liberation Day is on 26th February.
  • Festivals benefit society by spreading joy, building patriotism, helping the economy and nurturing culture.

الزبدة: Learning the key words before you listen is the fastest way to understand a recording. · A True/False answer without a justification is an incomplete answer. · Modern festivals are organised and advertised events, while traditional celebrations grow out of religion, the seasons and family life.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
What does 'commemorate' mean, and what does 'buzzing' mean?
'commemorate' means to mark or celebrate a special occasion, and 'buzzing' means an atmosphere of excitement.
What is a carnival, according to the meanings in exercise 1?
A carnival is a period of public celebration that takes place at a regular time each year.
Why is the statement 'National Day is celebrated annually on the 26th of February' false?
Because National Day is on 25th February, and 26th February is Liberation Day. The reading text of this unit states that the Hala February Festival coincides with National Day on 25th February and Liberation Day on 26th February.
What does the instruction 'Justify your answers' ask you to do?
It asks you to write the reason for your answer on the line under the statement: the words that prove it if it is true, or the correct information if it is false. Ticking the box alone is not enough.
What festivals do people celebrate in Kuwait, and what happens at them?
People celebrate the Hala February Festival, National Day on 25th February, Liberation Day on 26th February, and the Qurain Cultural Festival. At Hala February there are cultural celebrations, carnivals, raffles, contests and big shop discounts; at Qurain there are concerts, exhibitions, film screenings, seminars and awards for artists.
How can festivals benefit society?
They spread joy, happiness and delight; they inspire a sense of patriotism; they help the economy through shopping and tourism; and they nurture culture by honouring artists and giving young writers and composers a platform.

الدرس 5: Speaking & Writing: Discussing religious occasions

  • In exercise 1 you listen to a description of the Hajj (recording 1.3) and list the phrases that describe the speaker's personal experience.
  • Personal-experience phrases usually begin with 'I' and contain a feeling, a memory or a comparison.
  • The Hajj is important because it is one of the pillars of Islam and it gathers Muslims from all over the world in equality.
  • 'A sea of white cloth' is a metaphor for the huge crowd of pilgrims in their white ihram clothing.
  • In the writing task you invent a festival for your area and write a report about the preparation, the event and the period after it.
  • The 'Weaving Festival' timetable runs from booking the venue on 23 January to cleaning up on 27 March, with the festival itself on 23–26 March.

الزبدة: A description of a personal experience is built on feelings and images, not only on facts. · 'A sea of white cloth' shows how one short image can carry colour, size and movement together. · A good report follows time order: before the event, during the event, and after the event.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
Why is the Hajj important?
Because it is one of the five pillars of Islam and a duty on every Muslim who is able to perform it, once in a lifetime. It also gathers Muslims from every country in one place, in the same simple clothes, so it teaches equality, patience and brotherhood.
What does the speaker describe as 'a sea of white cloth', and why is it a good description?
He is describing the enormous crowd of pilgrims, who all wear the simple white clothing of ihram, so from a distance they look like a wide white sea. It is a good description because three words give you the colour, the huge size and the movement of the crowd at the same time.
What kind of phrases should you write in your list in exercise 1?
Phrases that describe the speaker's own personal experience, not facts about the Hajj: expressions such as 'I felt…', 'I had never seen…', 'I will never forget…', 'It was the most … I have ever…', written exactly as the speaker says them.
What must you include in the pair conversation in exercise 3?
One student has just returned from the Hajj and the other is preparing for his journey next year; you share your preparations and experiences, and the book says you must make sure to include some personal descriptions.
What are the three parts of the report you write in exercise 4?
The preparation, the event itself, and the period after the festival. The 'Weaving Festival' timetable shows the same three parts: the jobs from 23 January to 21 March, the festival on 23–26 March, and the clearing up on 27 March.
Give the meaning of 'embark' and 'unison' from the words to remember.
'embark' means to begin a journey or to start something new, as in 'embark on a journey'. 'unison' means together and at the same time, as in 'the pilgrims answered in unison'.

الوحدة 2Unit 2 — Family celebrations

الدرس 1: Listening: A recent family celebration

  • Unit 2 is about family celebrations, and its grammar is the simple past and past perfect with once, when, before, after and by the time, plus compound nouns.
  • In the recording (2.1) three people talk about a recent family celebration; first you find the occasion and the speaker, then the details.
  • Questions a, b, d, e and g ask for information from the recording, while c and f ask for your own opinion with a reason.
  • A milestone is an important event that marks a stage in a person's life, such as a graduation or a wedding.
  • The four verbs of the vocabulary exercise are: host a celebration, swap places, make a speech, sign a card.
  • When you describe a family celebration, use the book's four points: the place, the people, food and drink, and people's clothes.

الزبدة: In a listening task, get the general picture first (the occasion and the speaker), then listen again for the details. · Verbs are learned with the words they go with: host a party, swap places, make a speech, sign a card. · Family meetings keep a family close-knit, and the book's quote calls family happiness the greatest happiness of a life.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
What grammar will you study in Unit 2?
The simple past and the past perfect with once, when, before, after and by the time, and compound nouns.
What are you going to hear in recording (2.1), and what are the two general questions about it?
You are going to hear three people talking about a recent family celebration. The two general questions are: what occasions are the three speakers describing, and who do you think the three speakers are?
What is a 'milestone', and give an example.
A milestone is an important event that marks a stage in a person's life. Examples: a graduation, a first job, a wedding, or the birth of a child.
Complete and explain: We decided to ...... a special celebration for our brother.
We decided to host a special celebration for our brother. 'Host' means to be the person who invites the guests and organises the event, and after 'to' we keep the base form of the verb.
Why is it important for the members of families to meet on important occasions?
Because meeting keeps the family close-knit and lets children know their relatives; it makes older members feel that they are not forgotten; and it is the time when the family shares news, solves problems and remembers those who are far away.
Which four points does the book ask you to think about when you describe a family celebration?
The place, the people, food and drink, and people's clothes.

الدرس 2: Grammar: Simple past and past perfect

  • The past perfect is formed with had + the past participle, and 'had' does not change with the subject.
  • It refers to the first of two actions in the past, or to a situation, state or feeling in the past.
  • In the text, the simple past moves the story forward and the past perfect goes one step further back.
  • The linking words are once, when, before, after, by the time, and as soon as.
  • After No sooner and Hardly at the beginning of a sentence, 'had' comes before the subject: No sooner had Ahmed woken up than…
  • No sooner is followed by 'than', and Hardly is followed by 'when'.

الزبدة: Whatever the word order, the past perfect action is always the earlier one. · Signal words tell you the tense: already and never…before take the past perfect, while so and but introduce the later result in the simple past. · In a list, 'had' is written once and the other verbs continue in the past participle.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
How do we form the past perfect, and give one statement, one question and one negative example from the book.
We use had + the past participle. Statement: We had had our dinner by the time they arrived. Question: Where had they lived before they moved here? Negative: They were hungry because they hadn't eaten for several days.
What are the two uses of the past perfect according to the Grammar File?
First, the first of two actions in the past: Before they bought other food, they had sold their products. Second, a situation, state, feeling or action in the past: They found the house strange after they had lived in a tent.
In the sentence 'By the time we finished the meal, Grandma had begun to tell us about her experience', which action came first?
Grandma beginning to tell them about her experience came first, because it is in the past perfect (had begun); finishing the meal is in the simple past and came second.
Complete and explain: The next morning, the streets ...... (be) dusty because there ...... (be) a sandstorm.
The next morning, the streets were dusty because there had been a sandstorm. The sandstorm happened before the morning, so it takes the past perfect, and the state of the streets is the later situation in the simple past.
What happens to the word order after 'No sooner' and 'Hardly' at the beginning of a sentence?
The auxiliary 'had' comes before the subject: No sooner had Ahmed woken up than…, and Hardly had Hamad arrived at school when… 'No sooner' is followed by 'than' and 'Hardly' by 'when'.
Write a sentence listing three things you had done by the time you went to bed yesterday.
By the time I went to bed yesterday, I had been to school, done my homework and watched TV. 'Had' is written once, and the following verbs continue in the past participle.

الدرس 3: Vocabulary & Pronunciation: Derivatives and compound nouns; Same word – different pronunciation

  • Compounding makes a new word by joining two independent words: grand + mother = grandmother.
  • The compounds on this page are lunchtime, birthday, teapot, grandfather, fireworks, necklace and freelance.
  • A suffix is a dependent unit added at the end of a word: -ion, -or, -ant, -al.
  • Verbs ending in silent -e drop it before the suffix: celebrate → celebration, arrive → arrival.
  • One English word can have two meanings, and only the sentence tells you which one fits.
  • Some words have two pronunciations: close, wind, lives and desert change with their meaning and word class.
  • The Words to remember of this page are breathing space, clan, desert, interior, well-deserved and wind up.

الزبدة: English builds new words in two main ways on this page: joining two words together, and adding a suffix to the end of one word. · Meaning is decided by context: the words around a word tell you which of its meanings is being used. · When a word changes its word class (verb or noun), its pronunciation may change too.

الأسئلة المهمة (7)
What is compounding, and give the book's own example.
Compounding is combining two independent words to make a new term. The book's example is grandmother (grand + mother).
Make compound nouns from: birth, tea, fire, neck, free.
birthday, teapot, fireworks, necklace, freelance.
What is a suffix? Add the right suffix to arrive, invite and visit.
A suffix is a dependent unit added at the end of a word, e.g. -ion in attention. arrive → arrival, invite → invitation, visit → visitor.
In 'The head of the clan has five sons', which meaning of 'head' is used, and why?
Meaning 2: leader, most important person. A clan is a group of people, and a group has a leader, not a body part.
How is 'close' pronounced differently in 'I live close to the city centre' and 'Please close the door'?
In the first sentence it is an adjective meaning 'near' and ends with an /s/ sound. In the second it is a verb meaning 'shut' and ends with a /z/ sound.
Explain the difference in pronunciation between 'wind' in sentence 1 and 'wind' in sentence 4.
In 'they wind up the clock' it is a verb and rhymes with 'find'. In 'a strong wind last night' it is a noun (moving air) with a short i sound.
Give the six Words to remember on this page.
breathing space, clan, desert, interior, well-deserved, wind up.

الدرس 4: Writing: An informal invitation

  • The task is to write an informal invitation to a family occasion, in 170–200 words.
  • The page works in three stages: Read and analyse, Planning and writing, and Check.
  • Amal's e-mail is the model: it begins 'Dear Noura,' and ends 'Love, Amal'.
  • Its paragraphs are: the invitation and the reason, what will happen, the time to arrive, the place and directions, and the request for a reply.
  • The celebration is next Thursday at Amal's house for her sister Khaleda's return from France.
  • Useful Language for inviting: I'm writing to invite you to …, We hope you can be here with us, We look forward to seeing you.
  • Useful Language for polite requests: Please try to arrive by …, Please let me know if you can come.
  • When you check, make sure your reader can find the occasion, the date and time, and the place.

الزبدة: An informal invitation must answer three questions for the reader: what the occasion is, when it is, and where it is. · Copy the shape of the model, not its content: the same greeting, the same paragraph order and the same ending, but your own occasion. · Politeness in English invitations comes from 'Please' plus a soft verb, and from questions instead of orders.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
When and where is the celebration in Amal's e-mail?
It is next Thursday at Amal's house, and she asks the guests to try to arrive by 7 o'clock.
Why is Amal having a celebration?
For her sister Khaleda: it is the end of her university course in France and she is finally coming home for good, after a year in which the family has not seen her.
What will the celebration include?
A big feast prepared by Mum with Amal's help, a poem which Amal has composed especially for the event and will read, and a film shown by Dad on a video projector that captures important moments of Khaleda's life since the day she was born.
How does Amal start and end her e-mail, and why must you do the same?
She starts with 'Dear Noura,' and ends with 'Love, Amal'. Exercise 2b says: Start and end your e-mail in the same way as Amal did, because these are the fixed forms of an informal invitation.
Give two expressions from the Useful Language box for making polite requests.
Please try to arrive by … and Please let me know if you can come.
What three things must your partner be able to find in your e-mail, according to exercise 3b?
The occasion you are being invited to, the date and time of the occasion, and the place you have to get to.

الدرس 5: Speaking: Giving a 'factual' talk

  • A factual talk is built from true information, put in a clear order and spoken to an audience.
  • In exercise 1 you listen to a short talk about the Australian Aborigines and tick the topics it includes.
  • The six possible topics are: history, music, traditional lifestyle, appearance, situation today, and treatment by the Europeans.
  • In exercise 2 you choose your own group — the Aborigines, nomads, university students, fishermen, or another.
  • The five preparation questions are: where they live, how they live now, where they came from originally, their traditional way of life, and how it is changing.
  • Write your facts as short sentences that are easy to read or speak.
  • Sequence the talk with Their story begins …, Next, let's look at …, And what about today?, Finally, I'd like to end with …
  • In exercise 3 you speak in small groups, without interruption, and questions come after the talk.

الزبدة: Preparation, not talent, makes a good factual talk: five questions answered in short sentences become a complete talk. · Sequencing phrases are signposts that turn a list of facts into a talk the audience can follow. · A good listener in this lesson has a job too: to listen without interrupting and to ask a question at the end.

الأسئلة المهمة (7)
What is a 'factual' talk, and what are the three stages of this page?
It is a short talk built from true information rather than opinions or invented stories. The three stages are Listen (exercise 1), Prepare for speaking (exercise 2) and Speak (exercise 3).
List the six topics offered in exercise 1.
The Aborigines' history, their music, their traditional lifestyle, their appearance, their situation today, and their treatment by the Europeans.
Which groups does the book suggest you can talk about?
A group like the Aborigines, or another kind of group like nomads, university students, fishermen, etc. — any group you know about or are interested in.
What are the five questions you should think about when you make your notes?
Where does the group live? How does the group live now? Where was the group from originally? What was their traditional way of life? How is their way of life changing?
Give four phrases from the Useful Language box for sequencing information.
Their story begins …, Next, let's look at …, And what about today?, Finally, I'd like to end with …
What are the rules for the other students while someone is giving a talk?
They should not interrupt the talk, but they could ask the speaker questions after the talk is finished, and then discuss any interesting points from each talk.
Why does the book ask you to write your facts in short sentences?
Because part d says they must be sentences 'which you can read or speak easily'. A long written sentence is hard to say aloud and easy to lose in the middle.

الوحدة 3Unit 3 — Meeting places

الدرس 1: Reading: Coffee houses

  • Three hundred years ago people went to a coffee house for the news, exactly as they log on to the Internet today.
  • The European coffee houses of the early 1650s were mainly for businessmen, writers, politicians and scientists, and only men went to them.
  • Coffee was first grown in Ethiopia, where people chewed the beans, and then spread to Arab countries as a drink.
  • The first coffee house in London was opened in 1652 by Pasqua Rosee, who was from Smyrna in Turkey.
  • London coffee houses were calm, pleasant places, and anyone who started a quarrel had to buy coffee for everyone.
  • In western Europe coffee was drunk as a medicine at first, and then became a social drink.
  • In Kuwait, coffee is at the heart of hospitality, and the Diwaniya is the place of conversations, discussions and transactions.
  • A guest's cup is refilled until the guest tips the empty cup from side to side; the beans are ground with cardamom for a distinctive fragrance.

الزبدة: The article's main comparison is between the old coffee house and today's Internet: both are places to get news, and in both you can never be sure the information is accurate. · Coffee travelled: Ethiopia → the Arab countries → Turkey → London → the rest of western Europe, changing from food to medicine to a social drink. · In a True/False task you must justify every answer with the line from the text that proves it.

الأسئلة المهمة (7)
According to the article, where did business people go for news three hundred years ago, and what do they do today?
Three hundred years ago they went to a coffee house; today they log on to the Internet. In the coffee house, for the price of a cup of coffee, they could read newspapers, catch up on the latest news, listen to scientific lectures, do business or chat about the state of the world.
Who opened the first coffee house in London, when, and where was he from?
Pasqua Rosee opened it in 1652; he was from Smyrna, in Turkey.
Why did only men go to coffee houses in the early days?
Because people thought that coffee was bad for women's health.
How does the article compare coffee houses with today's websites?
Like today's websites, coffee houses were exciting places to be, but you could never be sure that the information you found there was accurate.
What happened to anyone who started a quarrel in a London coffee house?
He had to buy a cup of coffee for everyone in the coffee house, because these were calm places where people talked cordially to each other.
Describe the place of coffee in Kuwaiti hospitality as the article explains it.
Serving and drinking coffee have been at the heart of Kuwait's famous hospitality for centuries. The Diwaniya is a place where conversations, discussions and transactions are made over a cup of Kuwaiti coffee; a guest's cup is never empty, and the host keeps refilling it until the guest tips the empty cup from side to side. The beans are ground with cardamom seeds, which gives the coffee a distinctive fragrance.
Which facts in the Factfile are also mentioned in the article?
Three of them: that coffee began in Ethiopia (the article says it was first grown there and people chewed the beans), that it came to the Arab countries (the article says it spread there and became popular as a drink), and that the first coffee house opened in London in 1652 (the article names Pasqua Rosee). The facts about Istanbul, the Dutch, instant coffee, decaffeinated coffee, the espresso machine and the first big chain are not in the article.

الدرس 2: Grammar: Third Conditionals

  • The first conditional is If + present tense + will, for things that are possible and quite likely in the future.
  • The second conditional is If + past tense + would + base form, for things that are improbable or impossible.
  • The third conditional is If + past perfect + would + have + past participle.
  • We use the third conditional to talk about imagined past situations.
  • A third conditional sentence always means the opposite of what really happened.
  • 'If I had seen you, I would have talked to you' means 'I didn't talk to you because I didn't see you'.
  • 'would' never goes inside the if-clause, and after 'would have' you must use the past participle.

الزبدة: The three conditionals differ in time and in probability: likely future, unlikely or impossible future, and an impossible past. · The third conditional is a regret or an explanation: it tells you the real past by saying its opposite. · To write one, describe what really happened, then reverse both verbs into the pattern.

الأسئلة المهمة (7)
What is the form of the third conditional, and give the Grammar file's two examples.
If + past perfect + would + have + past participle. 'If there had been life on Mars, we would have found it.' 'If we had stopped space exploration in 1960, men wouldn't have walked on the Moon.'
What do we use third conditional sentences for?
To talk about imagined past situations — things that did not happen and cannot be changed now.
In 'If Mum hadn't baked a cake, I wouldn't have enjoyed my birthday', did Mum bake a cake, and did he enjoy his birthday?
Yes to both. The sentence is negative in form, so the truth is positive: she did bake a cake, and he did enjoy his birthday.
Which conditional is used in 'If I were in charge of the football stadium, I'd allow people to watch matches for free', and why?
The second conditional (If + past tense + would + base form). The speaker knows this is never going to happen, so it is an impossible situation, like 'If I were 10 years younger'.
How is the third conditional different from the first and the second?
The first and second conditionals are about the present and the future — what is likely, or unlikely, or impossible to happen. The third conditional is about the past: an imagined situation that did not happen and cannot now be changed.
Complete and explain: If Ahmed ...... (not eat) so much food at the party, he ...... (not become) so ill.
If Ahmed hadn't eaten so much food at the party, he wouldn't have become so ill. The if-clause takes hadn't + past participle and the main clause takes wouldn't have + past participle. It means that Ahmed did eat too much and did become ill.
What are the two most common mistakes in the third conditional?
Putting 'would' inside the if-clause ('If I would have seen you' is wrong), and using the base form or past simple after 'would have' instead of the past participle.

الدرس 3: Vocabulary & Pronunciation: Verbs related to talking; Stress in phrases

  • English has several verbs for different ways of talking, and each one has its own preposition.
  • chat to a friend, converse with someone, discuss something (no preposition), argue with someone, speak to someone about a subject, and tell someone something.
  • The Feelings exercise practises the adjectives worried, bored, weary, lonesome, irritated and sickly.
  • 'A cup of coffee' is the drink in the cup; 'a coffee cup' is a cup made for coffee and may be empty.
  • The Grammar file explains this as compound nouns: the first noun acts like an adjective describing the second.
  • In phrases such as 'a carton of milk', the stress falls on 'car-' and on 'milk', never on 'a' or 'of'.
  • Keep the same stress pattern when the phrase is inside a longer sentence.
  • The Words to remember are autograph, converse, in charge of, irritated, lonesome, plaza, sickly, stadium, teapot and weary.

الزبدة: Learn a talking verb together with the word that follows it; the preposition is part of the meaning. · 'X of Y' names the contents; 'Y X' (a compound noun) names the object made for that purpose. · English rhythm rests on the content words: strong on nouns, weak on 'a' and 'of'.

الأسئلة المهمة (7)
Choose and explain: I often spend hours arguing / chatting / conversing to my friends.
chatting. 'Chat to somebody' means to have friendly, relaxed talk, which fits 'spend hours … to my friends'. 'Converse' takes 'with', not 'to', and 'argue' would mean quarrelling for hours.
Why is 'discuss' the right verb in 'It's good to ...... your future plans with your parents'?
Because 'discuss' takes its object directly, with no preposition: you discuss your plans. 'Speak' and 'talk' would need 'about': speak about your plans.
What do people need to do if they feel weary, lonesome or sickly?
If they feel weary, they need to rest. If they feel lonesome, they need company — to meet friends or family. If they feel sickly, they need to see a doctor and take some medicine.
What is the difference between 'a box of matches' and 'a matchbox'?
'A box of matches' is a box with matches inside it, so we are talking about the matches. 'A matchbox' is the small box designed to hold matches; it can be empty, and it is a compound noun written as one word.
How does the Grammar file explain compound nouns?
It says: We combine two nouns to make a new idea. This can become one word or remain as two words. The first noun often acts as an adjective, describing the second noun — a bathroom, a hairbrush, the chair leg.
Where does the stress fall in the phrase 'a bar of chocolate'?
On 'bar' and on the first syllable of 'chocolate' (CHOC-o-late). The words 'a' and 'of' are unstressed, exactly as in the model 'a CARton of MILK'.
What does the Quote on this page say, and who wrote it?
"Each friend represents a world in us, a world possibly not born until they arrive, and it is only by this meeting that a new world is born." It is by Anaïs Nin.

الدرس 4: Writing: A description of your favourite meeting place

  • The task of the page is to write a description of your favourite meeting place.
  • Exercise 1 collects your ideas: where you meet your friends, and where you would like to meet but cannot.
  • Exercise 2 is a six-turn conversation in which each speaker invites the other to an event.
  • Exercise 3 links back to the reading: why coffee has been popular for so long, and what beverages we drink in Kuwait.
  • Exercise 4 asks three things: describe the place, say what you do there, and say why you like it so much.
  • Write it as one paragraph, not as three separate answers.
  • Use 'there is / there are' for the description, the present simple for what you do, and 'because' for the reason.

الزبدة: A description task always has parts written inside the question itself; the question is your plan. · Speaking exercises before a writing task are not warm-up: they are where you collect the sentences you will write. · An answer supported by a fact from the unit's reading text is stronger than an opinion on its own.

الأسئلة المهمة (6)
What is the task of this page?
To write a description of your favourite meeting place.
What are the two questions of exercise 1, and what must the answer to the second one contain?
a Where do you meet with your friends? b Is there a place where you would like to meet your friends, but there is a reason you cannot? The second answer must contain both the place you would like and the reason you cannot go there, so it needs 'but' or 'because'.
How many turns does the conversation in exercise 2 have, and who invites whom?
Six turns — A, B, A, B, A, B — and each one of you invites the other to an event, so there are two invitations in the conversation.
Why do you think coffee has been a popular drink for so long? Answer using the reading text of this unit.
Because it does two things at the same time. It gives people energy when they feel sleepy, which is why it became popular in the Arab countries; and it brings people together — the coffee houses became the centre of social life in London, and in Kuwait serving and drinking coffee have been at the heart of the country's famous hospitality for centuries.
What three questions must your paragraph in exercise 4 answer?
Describe it (what the place is like), what do you do there, and why do you like it so much.
Which language is useful for describing a place, and which for saying what you do there?
For the description: 'there is / there are' and prepositions of place such as next to, around, in the corner of, opposite. For the actions: the present simple with a time expression, such as 'We meet there every Thursday after the evening prayer.'

الدرس 5: Speaking: Arranging to meet

  • Arranging to meet means agreeing on the place, the day and time, and the activity.
  • In exercise 1 you listen to a telephone conversation and fill a table with those three things.
  • In exercise 2 Student A notes the phrases for suggesting, and Student B the phrases for agreeing and rejecting.
  • Suggest politely with the past continuous: I was wondering if you'd like to meet for a coffee.
  • Other suggestions: What about Thursday? How about the plaza? We could have a coffee and a catch-up.
  • Reject with an apology, 'I can't make it', and a reason: I'm sorry, I can't make it on Friday – I'm shopping with my mother.
  • Agree with: That'd be great. Good idea. That's okay for me. That's fine.
  • In exercise 4 you sit back to back, so everything must be said in words, and then you change roles and arrange a short meeting today.

الزبدة: Every arrangement needs three agreements: where, when and what — and a good speaker repeats them at the end to confirm. · English softens a suggestion with the past continuous and softens a refusal with an apology and a reason. · On the telephone the voice does all the work, so prepare more than one time and place before you call.

الأسئلة المهمة (7)
What three things must you find out in the table of exercise 1?
Where to meet, what day and time, and what to do.
What does Student A note in exercise 2, and what does Student B note?
Student A notes the phrases the speakers use to make suggestions. Student B notes the phrases they use to agree to a suggestion and to reject a suggestion.
Why does the book tell you to use the past continuous in 'I was wondering if you'd like to meet for a coffee'?
Because the past continuous makes an invitation or a suggestion polite. It sounds softer and less direct than 'I wonder' or 'Do you want to meet?', and it leaves the other person free to say no.
How do you reject a suggestion politely, according to the Useful Language box?
In three pieces: an apology, the words 'I can't make it', and a reason — 'I'm sorry, I can't make it on Friday – I'm shopping with my mother.'
Give four ways of agreeing to a suggestion from the Useful Language box.
That'd be great. Good idea. That's okay (for me). That's fine.
Why does exercise 4b ask you to sit back to back?
So that you can't see each other's face, exactly like a real telephone call. You cannot nod or point, so every agreement, refusal and detail has to be said in words.
What is different about the second conversation in exercise 4d?
You change roles, and the arrangement must be for later today, not next week. The meeting can be very short — five minutes — but it is important, so it has to be today.

الدرس 6: Focus on: Meeting Friends in Kuwait

  • Diwaniyas are informal social gatherings, usually of Kuwaiti men, where people discuss everything from business to football and from politics to literature.
  • Diwaniya literally means a place of assembly, and the word comes from the Arabic 'diwan', the office in which the Amir meets and talks with his subjects.
  • Traditionally the Diwaniya was held in a large tent with cushions; today permanent structures are built for it.
  • Family Diwaniyas reinforce ties between extended families; the main room is often a U-shape with the elders seated at the head.
  • Some politicians hold Diwaniyas for their constituents, and the tradition dates back to HH Sabah the First, who visited Diwaniyas to learn of public grievances.
  • Although Diwaniyas are normally an exclusively male gathering, women often hold their own gatherings at the same time.
  • A sentence adverb such as Etymologically or Traditionally qualifies a whole sentence and is followed by a comma.
  • An introductory clause beginning with Although should also be followed by a comma; Although and though are generally interchangeable.

الزبدة: The Diwaniya is at once a family institution, a social meeting place and a political space, and that is why it has survived. · The article moves from the word itself, to the family, to politics, to women and to the present day — a clear plan you can copy in your own writing. · A comma marks the end of anything placed in front of the main sentence, whether it is one adverb or a whole Although clause.

الأسئلة المهمة (7)
What is a Diwaniya, according to the article?
Diwaniyas are informal social gatherings, usually of Kuwaiti men, at which people meet to discuss issues ranging from business to football, and from politics to literature. The word literally means a place of assembly.
Where does the word 'Diwaniya' come from?
Etymologically, the name originates from the Arabic word 'diwan', which means the office in which the Amir meets and talks with his subjects.
How has the building of the Diwaniya changed?
Traditionally, the Diwaniya would be held in a large tent, with cushions upon which to sit, whereas it is now common to find permanent structures built specifically for Diwaniya.
Describe the family Diwaniya and the shape of its main room.
Family Diwaniyas reinforce strong ties between the extended families. In the eighteenth century major families set up an extension to their main house where they met guests and discussed important issues, and weddings and funeral ceremonies for the male side of the family were held there. The main room is often a U-shape, with the elders of the family seated at the head to meet guests and direct discussion.
What is the political function of the Diwaniya, and how far back does it go?
Some Kuwaiti politicians hold Diwaniyas for their constituents, so that citizens can talk to their MP face-to-face, and politicians have even used the Diwaniya in political campaigns to meet and court potential voters. The tradition dates back to The First Amir of Kuwait, HH Sabah the First, who used to visit many Diwaniyas so as to learn of public grievances, and it is continued to this day by the current Amir and other dignitaries.
What is a sentence adverb, and what punctuation follows it?
A sentence adverb qualifies a whole sentence, and not just a part of it — like 'Etymologically' and 'Traditionally' in the first paragraph. A sentence adverb is followed by a comma.
What are the rules for 'Although' given on this page?
Although is usually placed at the beginning of its clause. Although and though are generally interchangeable. An introductory clause beginning with Although should be followed by a comma.

الدرس 7: Project 1: Creating a festival leaflet

  • A good leaflet is judged by how attractive it looks and by giving as much information as possible in a small space.
  • To compare leaflets, look at which you prefer, which has more information, and which looks more attractive.
  • A leaflet-planning checklist: what the event is for, where and when it is, its main features, who it suits, and what is unique about it.
  • Persuasive expressions like «the one and only», verbs like «join» and «don't miss», and adjectives like «unique» and «breathtaking» make a leaflet convincing.
  • Making a leaflet has four stages: study models, extract quick information, plan with a partner, then create and present your leaflet.

الزبدة: A festival leaflet must both inform and persuade the reader at the same time. · Planning with a checklist before writing produces a clearer and more complete leaflet. · Scanning a leaflet quickly for key facts, as in Stage 2, is a real reading skill.

الأسئلة المهمة (7)
Who are the people who will take part in Green Festival?
More than 125 renowned authors, leaders and educators, together with individuals, business people and community leaders.
What will the festival's schedule include?
How-to workshops, cutting-edge films, fun activities for kids, vegetarian food and live music, and a marketplace with cotton clothing, Fair Trade gifts and kitchen tiles made from renewable resources.
What are the aims of Green Festival?
To find solutions that make people's lives healthier — socially, economically and environmentally — and to bring individuals, businesses and community leaders together to discuss issues that affect people at home and abroad.
When is the Lantern Festival held? Why?
On 28 February 2010, because that day marks the last day of the Chinese New Year season.
What does the Lantern Festival consist of?
Food stalls, a picnic on the grass with a candle-lit paper lantern, hundreds of imported feature lanterns hung in the streets, a performance by 10 acrobats from China, the Lantern Riddle game, free entertainment and Chinese dumplings.
Make a list of the most important things you think a leaflet should contain.
What the event is held for, where and when it is, its main features, who it is suitable for, what makes it unique, an attractive picture, and persuasive language that makes people want to attend.
What part of the festival do you like best? Why?
Students' answers will vary; a suitable answer could be: 'I like the acrobats' performance at the Lantern Festival best, because it is an exciting live show you cannot see every day.'

الوحدة 4Unit 4 — Communicating

الدرس 1: Reading: Communication Breakdown

  • A good listener listens openly and with empathy, and is aware of defensiveness in a conversation.
  • Poor communication is at the root of many personal problems; effective communication is essential for healthy relationships.
  • Effective listening means practising supportive (not one-way) listening, asking for paraphrases, and listening between the lines.
  • A good listener does not interrupt, does not react only to emotional words, and does not judge before understanding.
  • Being a patient listener enhances empathy and helps you see the world through the eyes of others.
  • New vocabulary from this lesson: adjustment, assumption, block out, capacity, defensiveness, distraction, empathy, enhance, interlocutor, non-verbal.
  • Adjectives such as interpersonal, supportive, effective, skilful, threatened, one-way and valuable describe aspects of communication.

الزبدة: Effective communication depends heavily on effective, empathetic listening skills. · Defensiveness is a natural but harmful reaction that a skilful listener learns to manage. · Understanding communication vocabulary and adjectives helps you describe communication situations accurately.

الأسئلة المهمة (7)
What is the most common communication problem according to the article? How would you deal with it?
The article states that a major source of communication problems is defensiveness — when people feel threatened they try to protect themselves. A skilful listener deals with it by being aware of the potential for defensiveness and making the adjustments needed during the conversation.
Why is empathy an essential factor for healthy communication?
Because being a good and patient listener, which requires empathy, helps you solve many problems and see the world through the eyes of others, which enhances healthy communication.
What does the article mean by 'listening between the lines'?
It means paying attention not only to the words a person says, but also to the deeper or unspoken meaning behind what they are saying.
What do you understand of the proverb cited in the last line of the article: 'Listen or your tongue will keep you deaf'?
It means that if a person talks too much instead of listening, they will never learn anything new from others — their own talking (tongue) will 'deafen' them to the wisdom of others.
List three suggestions from the article for effective listening.
Any three of: listen openly and with empathy; practise supportive listening instead of one-way listening; ask for paraphrases and repetitions; listen between the lines; neither control the conversation nor interrupt your interlocutor; don't react to emotional words, but interpret their purpose; don't judge before you comprehend.
What is defensiveness, and why do people become defensive according to the article?
Defensiveness is trying to protect oneself. According to the article, people become defensive when they feel threatened, which the article describes as a natural reaction.
According to the quote by Rollo May, what does communication lead to?
Communication leads to community, that is, to understanding, intimacy and mutual valuing.